BENGHAZI LIES, PETRAEUS’ SIGHS.... GIVE ME SOME MORE TURKEY THIGHS!! Egypt-Gaza-Israel conflict, Syria and in depth regional focus, Thanksgiving Tradition, Al Qaeda backlash, and shopping...
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1N5Zrk3rLb34dLjj2B7l0gM0v1EPoMQTZXDZKNzkAGvY/edit#
Farag al-Dersi, Benghazi Security Chief, Assassinated By Gunmen
AP | Posted: 11/21/2012 3:54 am EST Updated: 11/21/2012 10:03 am EST
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Benghazi, Libya, Muammar Gaddafi, Video, Farag Al-Dersi, Libya Violence, Omar Al-Khadrawi,AP, Assassination, Chris Stevens, World NewsTRIPOLI, Libya (AP) — Libya's deputy interior minister says gunmen assassinated the security chief of the eastern city of Benghazi overnight.
Omar al-Khadrawi says National Security Chief Col. Farag al-Dersi was shot dead while returning from work on Wednesday.
"Three men opened fire, killed him and then fled the scene," he said, adding that it was unclear who is behind the killing.
The country's second largest city has witnessed a series of assassinations and car bombs over the past months by unidentified assailants targeting mainly security officials who worked under the rule of ousted dictator Moammar Gadhafi.
On Sept. 11, U.S. Ambassador Chris Stevens and three other Americans were killed in an hours-long assault on the U.S. mission in Benghazi. Islamic extremists are believed to be behind the attack.
Gregg Houlden @gregghoulden
I am hugely aware that as I enjoy a safe #Thanksgiving that our troops are in our name in danger.God Bless and protect @KatyinIndy@jjauthor
@gregghoulden @KatyinIndy @jjauthor Yes it is for them alone we have peace on our soil and peace this day.
Aja Brooks shared The U.S. Army's photo.
As you celebrate Thanksgiving, take a moment to remember those who are not home with their loved ones.
Aja Brooks shared Benjamin Netanyahu - בנימין נתניהו'sphoto.
Benjamin Netanyahu - בנימין נתניהונפגשתי היום עם סגל הפיקוד הבכיר במשטרת ישראל. במהלך המפגש הודיתי למפכ"ל, למפקדי המחוזות, למפקדים, השוטרים והמתנדבים על עבודתם במהלך ימי המבצע הצבאי נגד ארגוני הטרור בעזה.
יש לנו הישגים גדולים מאוד במבצע
הזה. צה"ל הכה קשה מאוד בחמאס ובשאר ארגוני הטרור. ראשי הטרור – רבים מהם נהרגו. חיסלנו אלפי טילים שכוונו לדרום הארץ וכמעט את כל הטילים שכוונו למרכז הארץ. אנחנו פעלנו על יעדי תשתיות של ארגוני הטרור, דברים שנבנו במשך שנים רבות הושמדו. אנחנו ערוכים לפעול במידה שהשקט יופר. המטרות שהצבנו למבצע הושגו.
אני יודע שיש אזרחים המצפים לתגובה חריפה עוד יותר. אנו ערוכים גם לזה. אנחנו בוחרים, כפי שעשינו במבצע הזה, להחליט מתי לפעול, נגד מי לפעול וכיצד לפעול. עכשיו אנחנו נותנים הזדמנות להפסקת אש. זה הצעד הנכון בעת הזאת למדינת ישראל אבל אנחנו ערוכים גם לאפשרות שהפסקת האש לא תקוים ואנחנו נדע ונדאג לפעול לפי הצורך.
We have scored major achievements in this operation. The IDF hit Hamas and the other terrorist organizations very hard. As for the terror chieftains, many of them were killed. We have destroyed thousands of missiles that were targeted at Southern Israel and almost all the missiles that were targeted at Central Israel. We acted against the infrastructure targets of the terrorist organizations, things that were constructed over many years were destroyed. We are prepared to act in the event that the quiet will be disturbed. The objectives that we set for the operation were attained.
I know that there are citizens who expect an even sharper response. We are prepared for this as well. We are electing, as we have done on this operation, to decide when to act, against whom to act and how to act. Now we are giving a chance to the cease-fire. This is currently the correct measure for the State of Israel but we are also prepared for the possibility that the cease-fire will not be observed and if the need arises we will know how to take action and do so
נפגשתי היום עם סגל הפיקוד הבכיר במשטרת ישראל. במהלך המפגש הודיתי למפכ"ל, למפקדי המחוזות, למפקדים, השוטרים והמתנדבים על עבודתם במהלך ימי המבצע הצבאי נגד ארגוני הטרור בעזה.
יש לנו הישגים גדולים מאוד במבצע הזה. צה"ל הכה קשה מאוד בחמאס ובשאר
ארגוני הטרור. ראשי הטרור – רבים מהם נהרגו. חיסלנו אלפי טילים שכוונו לדרום הארץ וכמעט את כל הטילים שכוונו למרכז הארץ. אנחנו פעלנו על יעדי תשתיות של ארגוני הטרור, דברים שנבנו במשך שנים רבות הושמדו. אנחנו ערוכים לפעול במידה שהשקט יופר. המטרות שהצבנו למבצע הושגו.
אני יודע שיש אזרחים המצפים לתגובה חריפה עוד יותר. אנו ערוכים גם לזה. אנחנו בוחרים, כפי שעשינו במבצע הזה, להחליט מתי לפעול, נגד מי לפעול וכיצד לפעול. עכשיו אנחנו נותנים הזדמנות להפסקת אש. זה הצעד הנכון בעת הזאת למדינת ישראל אבל אנחנו ערוכים גם לאפשרות שהפסקת האש לא תקוים ואנחנו נדע ונדאג לפעול לפי הצורך.
We have scored major achievements in this operation. The IDF hit Hamas and the other terrorist organizations very hard. As for the terror chieftains, many of them were killed. We have destroyed thousands of missiles that were targeted at Southern Israel and almost all the missiles that were targeted at Central Israel. We acted against the infrastructure targets of the terrorist organizations, things that were constructed over many years were destroyed. We are prepared to act in the event that the quiet will be disturbed. The objectives that we set for the operation were attained.
I know that there are citizens who expect an even sharper response. We are prepared for this as well. We are electing, as we have done on this operation, to decide when to act, against whom to act and how to act. Now we are giving a chance to the cease-fire. This is currently the correct measure for the State of Israel but we are also prepared for the possibility that the cease-fire will not be observed and if the need arises we will know how to take action and do so
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today may be Thanksgiving, let us not forget what the date 11-22 today is the 49th anniversary of the assassination of our beloved president the late, John F. Kennedy, taken away from us in the prime of life and the prime of his command, gunned down by somebody we may never know, and i dare say we as a nation hasn’t quite gotten over his tragic death in Dallas, TX, some 50 years after.....RIP JFK let us remember this day as a day when we lost our hope, innocence, and progress as a democracy---(1917-1963)
Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty
@MittRomney @PaulRyanVP so, Happy Thanksgiving, for all the work we did together: our vision for America will not die in face of #VoterFraud
@MittRomney @PaulRyanVP That means this topic alone, over 60 days, has generated highest period of blog traffic -EVER!http://teapartychief.blogspot.com/
@MittRomney @PaulRyanVP over 100 people per day, past month or so STILL looking at our #JOBS plan http://teapartychief.blogspot.com/ pic.twitter.com/JGXvtQM
History
Prayers of thanks and special thanksgiving ceremonies are common among almost all religions after harvests and at other times.[1] The holiday's history in North America is rooted in English traditions dating from the Protestant Reformation. It also has aspects of a harvest festival, even though the harvest in New England occurs well before the late-November date of the holiday[1][2]In the English tradition, days of thanksgiving and special thanksgiving religious services became important during the English Reformation in the reign of Henry VIII and in reaction to the large number of religious holidays on the Catholic calendar. Before 1536 there were 95 Church holidays, plus 52 Sundays, when people were required to attend church and forego work and sometimes pay for expensive celebrations. The 1536 reforms reduced the number of Church holidays to 27, but some Puritans, the radical reformers of their age, wished to completely eliminate all Church holidays, including Christmas and Easter. The holidays were to be replaced by specially called Days of Fasting or Days of Thanksgiving, in response to events that the Puritans viewed as acts of special providence. Unexpected disasters or threats of judgement from on high called for Days of Fasting. Special blessings, viewed as coming from God, called for Days of Thanksgiving. For example, Days of Fasting were called on account of drought in 1611, floods in 1613, and plague in 1604 and 1622. Days of Thanksgiving were called following the victory over the Spanish Armada in 1588, and following the deliverance ofQueen Anne in 1705. An unusual annual Day of Thanksgiving began in 1606 following the failure of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605, and developed into Guy Fawkes Day.[3]
Native Americans and Thanksgiving
For Some a Time of Celebration, For Others a Time of Mourning
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- (Photo: Pilgrim Hall Museum)
- "The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth", by Jennie Brownscombe offers an early 20th century perspective on the 1621 event. Courtesy Pilgrim Hall Museum.
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PUBLIC PHILOSOPHER
Every Thanksgiving, while millions gather together with family, hundreds gather at a hill in Massachusetts.
Since 1970, Native Americans from across the United States assemble at noon on Thanksgiving Day at Cole's Hill, which overlooks Plymouth Rock, in order to observe a "National Day of Mourning."
With the rise of efforts by scholars and social commentators to focus on groups often ignored by conventional American history, there has been a growing focus on how Native Americans view the history of the United States and colonial America.
One area of focus has been the widely observed national holiday of Thanksgiving, which commemorates the meal between the Wampanoag tribe and the pilgrim settlers.
The annual observance on Cole's Hill came in response to an incident surrounding the 350th anniversary of the Pilgrim landing at Plymouth Rock. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts "disinvited" Wampanoag leader Frank James, who intended to deliver a speech that would have emphasized the oppression of native peoples in American history.
Writing for a publication of the National Museum of the American Indian, Liz Hill observed that for some modern Native Americans, Thanksgiving is not a time of festivity.
"On Thanksgiving Day, while most Native people are sitting down to turkey dinners, some prefer to observe the day as one of mourning – for what happened to the millions of Indians who lived on the North and South American continents before the arrival of the Europeans," wrote Hill.
Linford D. Fisher, assistant professor for the Department of History at Brown University, told The Christian Post that the modern perception of a multicultural cooperation at Thanksgiving was largely accurate but fleeting.
"One of the messages in 2012 is multiculturalism, often with the Pilgrims and Indians peaceably sitting down for a meal as the emblem of that harmonious interculturalness. And while the 1621 feast did include local Wampanoag Natives, it was a peaceability that was tenuous and did not last," said Fisher.
"Puritans gave thanksgiving in subsequent years, for example, for their victories OVER the Natives, after the Pequot War (1636-1638) and King Philip's War (1675-1676). So to truly tell the story of the 'first Thanksgiving,' one has to admit that the way we project that harmony misrepresents American history."
Nevertheless, as noted by Hill for the National Museum's publication "Do All Indians Live in Tipis?", the Thanksgiving celebration is observed among most modern Native American communities.
An example of this would be the Cherokee Nation, which in 2001 posted on their official website a Thanksgiving Day prayer from a recently departed employee of the Nation.
"May the spirit of Thanksgiving be catching to those around me...may we give abundant thanks for the things we do have and certainly for some of the things we DO NOT have...and most of all – for my co-workers who have become my family...I thank God for each and everyone. HAPPY TURKEY DAY!!!," wrote the late Jan Morgan.
In the same year, the Cherokee Nation distributed educational material to over 100 elementary schools in Oklahoma regarding the "Indian Version of Thanksgiving." This included documenting the ways of giving thanks that Cherokee had been doing for centuries.
While many go to Cole's Hill in Massachusetts for the National Day of Mourning, some have expressed criticism on how this practice has developed since the 1970 incident.
Russell M. Peters, president of the Mashpee Wampanoag Indian Tribal Council, commented to the Pilgrim Hall Museum that the Day of Mourning has recently been overseen by a questionable group.
"While the `Day of Mourning' has served to focus attention on past injustice to the Native American cause, it has, in recent years, been orchestrated by a group calling themselves the United American Indians of New England," said Peters.
"This group has tenuous ties to any of the local tribes, and is composed primarily of non-Indians. To date, they have refused several invitations to meet with the Wampanoag Indian tribal councils in Mashpee or in Gay Head."
Read more at http://www.christianpost.com/news/native-americans-and-thanksgiving-85363/#BPHSUCRxvxut1j2X.99
HOW TO END FOREIGN AID ABUSE:
This model of treatment was how the Cherokee reduced enemies and threats. By gaining a person's respect in circumstances of being able to inflict harm but valuing life by not surrendering that principle, you win over the evil present in this world. People do not understand why this world is like it is, but God gave us free will: the power to choose to create good or evil. That is why evil is so bad, as wickedness multiplies 7 times over. While it is just as true that goodness is also. The United States would do well to adhere to the Cherokee method of war: we are most effective providing food and water ONLY for humanitarian aid than leveraging influence through nation building or democratization. Education comes before that, to give people the knowledge to do it on their own. Embassies were never meant to be secret dungeons or secret arms exchange points but beacons of our light in the world, with adequate security-not unwelcome forts or outposts in lions' dens. One way to stop foreign aid abuse is to demand food and water be purchased with the entire amount apportioned. We need to get back to peace through strength, not bartering guns with our enemies hoping they won't be turned on us. Obama went around Congress to arm Syria to buy us time, and Ambassador Team knows this was wrong yet did it anyway for Obama, and they should've known that this isn't disobeying command because it is not even their duty when war was not declared with Syria and we were not in default at that time for that to be a legal action or Congressionally approved.
That is an act of war that mushroomed uncontainbly! The African novel "When Things Fall Apart" comes to mind. This is why I worked so hard to impeach Obama, to lead the charge for a Senate vote for an impeachment trial. If we'd have done this by September, they'd be alive and we'd not still be at war over a decade later.
The Night I Will Never Forget- (The Gulf War)
It was the second night of the ground war of Operation Desert Storm and my unit hadn't slept since we crossed the border into Iraq. I was responsible for protecting and driving the Command Sergeant Major (CSM) of one of the Battalions at the 24th Infantry Division. Typical
ly the CSM stays back at the Battalion Support Area (BSA) when at war, but this CSM wanted to be up front with his soldiers leading the battle. He and I were in an M998 light HMMWV (pronounced Humvee), and the infantry soldiers leading the fight for our battalion were in Bradley Fighting Vehicles (BFV), M1 Abrams tanks, and M901 ITV (Improved TOW Vehicle).
As vulnerable as he and I were in our unarmored vehicle, this CSM insisted on staying with the troops leading the fight, and I was determined to keep him with the unit, while also guaranteeing his safety.
On the second night of the ground war, one of the company's in our Battalion was responsible for clearing a plant just a few kilometers away. The CSM decided we would travel with that unit and informed me to stay alert because military intelligence reported there were possibly a couple of Iraqi soldiers (possible snipers) defending it.
As soon as we pulled into what appeared to be an abandoned plant of some sort, the unit of Bradley Fighting Vehicles took up offensive positions. The CSM and I pulled up next to one of the BFV’s because it could provide us with some protective cover from sniper fire. The moment our vehicle was in place, the ramp of that BFV opened and several soldiers stormed out to began their foot patrols of the area. Approximately 45-60 min later, I hear chatter on the radio that the foot patrols have captured the two Iraqi soldiers that intelligence reported were in this area.
Within minutes, and through my NVG’s (night vision goggles), I saw the foot patrol returning with the two Iraqi Soldiers. The CSM stepped out of our vehicle and approached the foot patrol, and I took position with my M4 rifle to cover his movements. The CSM had a few words with the returning foot patrol then headed back to our vehicle. Seconds after he walked away, the BFV that the foot patrol stormed out of over an hour ago, turned on a few of its frontal white lights, and the Iraqi soldiers were positioned in the center of the area being illuminated. The foot soldiers removed their NVG’s, searched the Iraqi soldiers, seized anything that could be used as a weapon, and immediately offered them food and water. It was clear from the look of the Iraqi faces that they now knew they were not going to be killed and were going to be treated humanely.
To our surprise, as soon as this took place, a few Iraqi soldiers appeared from their well-concealed positions nearby and began to surrender. A chilling moment for me, and I assume the entire unit, because we had no idea they were there observing us.
As if in unison, the BFV turned off their white lights, I took up a defensive position next to the CSM to safeguard him, chatter over the radio intensified, turrets on the BFV’s spun and monitored their sectors, and some of the soldiers who just returned from foot patrols took up defensive positions while the others detained the Iraqi soldiers who were surrendering.
As soon as everyone had their sectors covered, the new captives were placed next to the recently captured Iraqi soldiers. Once they were given the same compassionate treatment as the others, more and more Iraqi soldiers began surrendering. Surprisingly, this continued throughout the night. By sunrise, several dozen Iraqi soldiers emerged from well-concealed positions and surrendered to our unit.
Now that the sun was up and I could see for miles, I took a brief moment to look at all the detainees. It was clear to me now (and I am certain others too) that when we initially pulled into this location, our unit was clearly outnumbered.
Today, as I reflect on that night, I know that if we would have treated those initial captured soldiers inhumanly, the story I am sharing with you now would have been told quite differently, or it wouldn’t be shared at all by me. This is a night that I will never forget, and a night that has molded my character and me forever.
When I look back on my life, it is clear that many circumstances have directed me to the path I am on now, and it is certainly why I have chosen to become a protector of life. This particular life lesson not only taught me the importance of remaining vigilant at all times, it also taught me that no matter who I come in contact with in my life, even those who want to do me or my clients harm, must be treated humane. More importantly, when I make the choice to do just that, the life I save might just be my own.
Ronald D. Eastman II
President & CEO
Eastman Protective Agency
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Gail Ann McFarlane-Chicks Agreed.... Hoka hey.
November 18 at 9:29am · Like
AHMADINEJAD.... THE MOST FASCINATING MAN OF THE MIDDLE EAST....
Aja Brooks shared a link.
Ahmadinejad barely avoids the graze of impeachment hearings over Iran's economy, as the Tea Party Chief threatened to list openly a dual declaration of grievances against Iran and Syria both.... the Ayatollah felt this played into the hand of Obama's sanctions as "being effective" when they have actually brought us to the brink of regional war, and the Ayatollah felt an impeachment trial over the economic sanctions would give cause to those who play to Zionist politics and current Middle East political charades reason to chagrin the current turmoil than build diplomacy http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20426775
Iran MPs warned on Ahmadinejad
www.bbc.co.uk
Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei tells parliament to stop its efforts to summon beleaguered President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty Even more the reason that we should have peace with #Iran we share a common enemy http://news.yahoo.com/pakistani-shiites-receive-death-threat-text-messages-052147929.html …
SO FASCINATING IN FACT, HIS WORK WILL BE REFLECTED UPON NOT SO MUCH FOR THE CONTROVERSY, BUT HIS HUMANITARIAN CONCERNS:The nuclear program of Iran was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States as part of the Atoms for Peace program.[1] The participation of the United States and Western European governments in Iran's nuclear program continued until the 1979Iranian Revolution that toppled the Shah of Iran.[2]
After the 1979 revolution, the clandestine research program was disbanded by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who had serious religious reservations about nuclear weapons, which he considered evil in terms of Muslim jurisprudence.[3] Small scale research restarted during the Iran-Iraq War, and underwent significant expansion after the Ayatollah's death in 1989.[4] Iran's nuclear program has included several research sites, two uranium mines, aresearch reactor, and uranium processing facilities that include three known uranium enrichment plants. [5]
Iran's first nuclear power plant, Bushehr I reactor was complete with major assistance of Russian government agency Rosatom and officially opened on 12 September 2011.[6] Iran has announced that it is working on a new 360 MW nuclear power plant to be located inDarkhovin. Iran has also indicated that it will seek more medium-sized nuclear power plants and uranium mines in the future.[7]
In November 2011, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors rebuked Iran following an IAEA report indicating Iran had undertaken research and experiments geared to developing a nuclear weapons capability.[8] For the first time, the IAEA report outlines, in depth, the country’s detonator development, the multiple-point initiation of high explosives, and experiments involving nuclear payload integration into a missile delivery vehicle.[9][10] Iran rejected the details of the report and accused the IAEA of pro-Western bias[11] and threatened to reduce its cooperation with the IAEA.[12][13]
NUCLEAR ARMS RACE, POST 2006:
2007–present
[edit]UN Security Council
The UN Security Council has passed seven resolutions on Iran:- Resolution 1696 (31 July 2006) demanded that Iran suspend its uranium enrichment activities, invoking Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter to make that demand legally binding on Iran.
- Resolution 1737 (23 December 2006) imposed sanctions after Iran refused to suspend its enrichment activities, cutting off nuclear cooperation, demanding that Iran cooperate with the IAEA, and freezing the assets of a number of persons and organizations linked to Iran's nuclear and missile programs. It established a committee to monitor sanctions implementation.[118]
- Resolution 1747 (24 March 2007) expanded the list of sanctioned Iranian entities and welcomed the proposal by the permanent five members of the Security Council plus Germany for resolving issues regarding Iran's nuclear program.
- In resolution 1803 (3 March 2008), the Council decided to extend those sanctions to additional persons and entities, impose travel restrictions on sanctioned persons, and bar exports of nuclear- and missile-related dual-use goods to Iran.[119]
- Resolution 1835 (27 September 2008) reaffirmed the preceding four resolutions, the only one of the seven not to invoke Chapter VII.
- Resolution 1929 (9 June 2010) imposed a complete arms embargo on Iran, banned Iran from any activities related to ballistic missiles, authorized the inspection and seizure of shipments violating these restrictions, and extended the asset freeze to theIranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL). The resolution passed by a vote of 12–2, with Turkey and Brazil voting against and Lebanon abstaining. A number of countries imposed measures to implement and extend these sanctions, including the United States, the European Union, Australia,[120] Canada,[121] Japan,[122] Norway,[123]South Korea,[124] and Russia.[125]
- Resolution 1984 (8 June 2011) extended for a further 12 months the mandate of the Panel of Experts established by Resolution 1929.
November 2012 report
On 16 November, the IAEA released a report showing continued expansion Iranian uranium enrichment capabilities. At Fordow, all 2784 IR-1 centrifuges (16 cascades of 174 each) have been installed, though only 4 cascades are operating and another 4 are fully equipped, vacuum-tested, and ready to begin operating.[216] Iran has produced approximately 233 kg of near-20% enriched uranium, an increase of 43 kg since the August 2012 IAEA report.[217]The IAEA August 2012 report stated that Iran had begun to use 96 kg of its near-20% enriched uranium to fabricate fuel for the Tehran Research Reactor, which makes it more difficult to further enrich that uranium to weapons grade, since it would first need to be converted back to uranium hexafluoride gas.[218] Though more of this uranium has been fabricated into fuel, no additional uranium has been sent to the Fuel Plate Fabrication Plant at Esfahan.[216]
The November report noted that Iran has continued to deny the IAEA access to the military site at Parchin. Citing evidence from satellite imagery that "Iran constructed a large explosives containment vessel in which to conduct hydrodynamic experiments" relevant to nuclear weapons development, the report expresses concern that changes taking place at the Parchin military site might eliminate of evidence of past nuclear activities.[216]
UN nuclear chief: Clean-up ongoing at Iran site
Associated Press – Sun, Nov 11, 2012
You read this
BAGHDAD (AP) — The head of the U.N. nuclear watchdog says apparent efforts by Iran to dismantle a suspected nuclear site are continuing ahead of a visit by agency officials next month.
The International Atomic Energy Agency has raised concerns about what appears to be months of work to scrub the Parchin military complex southeast of Tehran of possible traces of nuclear weapons-related work. It believes Iran may have run experiments at the site on triggering a nuclear explosion.
IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano said during a visit to neighboring Iraq on Sunday that activities to dismantle Parchin are ongoing, though he declined to give details.
Iran denies it is pursuing atomic weapons, a charge leveled by the West. It says its nuclear activities are for peaceful purposes.
WHAT AHMADINEJAD IS DOING WITH ALL THAT ENRICHMENT, FOR THE MOST PART....
Radioisotopes in Medicine
(Updated September 2012)
- Nuclear medicine uses radiation to provide diagnostic information about the functioning of a person's specific organs, or to treat them. Diagnostic procedures are now routine.
- Radiotherapy can be used to treat some medical conditions, especially cancer, using radiation to weaken or destroy particular targeted cells.
- Tens of millions of nuclear medicine procedures are performed each year, and demand for radioisotopes is increasing rapidly.
Nuclear Medicine
This is a branch of medicine that uses radiation to provide information about the functioning of a person's specific organs or to treat disease. In most cases, the information is used by physicians to make a quick, accurate diagnosis of the patient's illness. The thyroid, bones, heart, liver and many other organs can be easily imaged, and disorders in their function revealed. In some cases radiation can be used to treat diseased organs, or tumours. Five Nobel Laureates have been intimately involved with the use of radioactive tracers in medicine.Over 10,000 hospitals worldwide use radioisotopes in medicine, and about 90% of the procedures are for diagnosis. The most common radioisotope used in diagnosis is technetium-99, with some 30 million procedures per year, accounting for 80% of all nuclear medicine procedures worldwide.
In developed countries (26% of world population) the frequency of diagnostic nuclear medicine is 1.9% per year, and the frequency of therapy with radioisotopes is about one tenth of this. In the USA there are some 18 million nuclear medicine procedures per year among 311 million people, and in Europe about 10 million among 500 million people. In Australia there are about 560,000 per year among 21 million people, 470,000 of these using reactor isotopes. The use of radiopharmaceuticals in diagnosis is growing at over 10% per year.
Nuclear medicine was developed in the 1950s by physicians with an endocrine emphasis, initially using iodine-131 to diagnose and then treat thyroid disease. In recent years specialists have also come from radiology, as dual CT/PET procedures have become established.
Computed X-ray tomography (CT) scans and nuclear medicine contribute 36% of the total radiation exposure and 75% of the medical exposure to the US population, according to a US National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements report in 2009. The report showed that Americans’ average total yearly radiation exposure had increased from 3.6 millisievert to 6.2 mSv per year since the early 1980s, due to medical-related procedures. (Industrial radiation exposure, including that from nuclear power plants, is less than 0.1% of overall public radiation exposure.)
Diagnostic techniques in nuclear medicine
Diagnostic techniques in nuclear medicine use radioactive tracers which emit gamma rays from within the body. These tracers are generally short-lived isotopes linked to chemical compounds which permit specific physiological processes to be scrutinised. They can be given by injection, inhalation or orally. The first type are where single photons are detected by a gamma camera which can view organs from many different angles. The camera builds up an image from the points from which radiation is emitted; this image is enhanced by a computer and viewed by a physician on a monitor for indications of abnormal conditions.A more recent development is Positron Emission Tomography (PET) which is a more precise and sophisticated technique using isotopes produced in a cyclotron. A positron-emitting radionuclide is introduced, usually by injection, and accumulates in the target tissue. As it decays it emits a positron, which promptly combines with a nearby electron resulting in the simultaneous emission of two identifiable gamma rays in opposite directions. These are detected by a PET camera and give very precise indication of their origin. PET's most important clinical role is in oncology, with fluorine-18 as the tracer, since it has proven to be the most accurate non-invasive method of detecting and evaluating most cancers. It is also well used in cardiac and brain imaging.
New procedures combine PET with computed X-ray tomography (CT) scans to give co-registration of the two images(PETCT), enabling 30% better diagnosis than with traditional gamma camera alone. It is a very powerful and significant tool which provides unique information on a wide variety of diseases from dementia to cardiovascular disease and cancer (oncology).
Positioning of the radiation source within the body makes the fundamental difference between nuclear medicine imaging and other imaging techniques such as x-rays. Gamma imaging by either method described provides a view of the position and concentration of the radioisotope within the body. Organ malfunction can be indicated if the isotope is either partially taken up in the organ (cold spot), or taken up in excess (hot spot). If a series of images is taken over a period of time, an unusual pattern or rate of isotope movement could indicate malfunction in the organ.
A distinct advantage of nuclear imaging over x-ray techniques is that both bone and soft tissue can be imaged very successfully. This has led to its common use in developed countries where the probability of anyone having such a test is about one in two and rising.
The mean effective dose is 4.6 mSv per diagnostic procedure.
Radionuclide therapy (RNT)
Rapidly dividing cells are particularly sensitive to damage by radiation. For this reason, some cancerous growths can be controlled or eliminated by irradiating the area containing the growth.
External irradiation (sometimes called teletherapy) can be carried out using a gamma beam from a radioactive cobalt-60 source, though in developed countries the much more versatile linear accelerators are now being utilised as a high-energy x-ray source (gamma and x-rays are much the same). An external radiation procedure is known as the gamma knife radiosurgery, and involves focusing gamma radiation from 201 sources of cobalt-60 sources on a precise area of the brain with a cancerous tumour. Worldwide, over 30,000 patients are treated annually, generally as outpatients.
Internal radionuclide therapy is by administering or planting a small radiation source, usually a gamma or beta emitter, in the target area. Short-range radiotherapy is known as brachytherapy, and this is becoming the main means of treatment. Iodine-131 is commonly used to treat thyroid cancer, probably the most successful kind of cancer treatment. It is also used to treat non-malignant thyroid disorders. Iridium-192 implants are used especially in the head and breast. They are produced in wire form and are introduced through a catheter to the target area. After administering the correct dose, the implant wire is removed to shielded storage. This brachytherapy (short-range) procedure gives less overall radiation to the body, is more localised to the target tumour and is cost effective.
Treating leukaemia may involve a bone marrow transplant, in which case the defective bone marrow will first be killed off with a massive (and otherwise lethal) dose of radiation before being replaced with healthy bone marrow from a donor.
Many therapeutic procedures are palliative, usually to relieve pain. For instance, strontium-89 and (increasingly) samarium 153 are used for the relief of cancer-induced bone pain. Rhenium-186 is a newer product for this.
A new field is Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) or alpha radioimmunotherapy, especially for the control of dispersed cancers. The short range of very energetic alpha emissions in tissue means that a large fraction of that radiative energy goes into the targeted cancer cells, once a carrier such as a monoclonal antibody has taken the alpha-emitting radionuclide to exactly the right place. Laboratory studies are encouraging and clinical trials for leukaemia, cystic glioma and melanoma are under way. TAT using lead-212 is said to show promise for treating pancreatic, ovarian and melanoma cancers.
An experimental development of this is Boron Neutron Capture Therapy using boron-10 which concentrates in malignant brain tumours. The patient is then irradiated with thermal neutrons which are strongly absorbed by the boron, producing high-energy alpha particles which kill the cancer. This requires the patient to be brought to a nuclear reactor, rather than the radioisotopes being taken to the patient.
Radionuclide therapy has progressively become successful in treating persistent disease and doing so with low toxic side-effects. With any therapeutic procedure the aim is to confine the radiation to well-defined target volumes of the patient. The doses per therapeutic procedure are typically 20-60 Gy.
Biochemical Analysis
It is very easy to detect the presence or absence of some radioactive materials even when they exist in very low concentrations. Radioisotopes can therefore be used to label molecules of biological samples in vitro (out of the body). Pathologists have devised hundreds of tests to determine the constituents of blood, serum, urine, hormones, antigens and many drugs by means of associated radioisotopes. These procedures are known as radioimmuno-assays and, although the biochemistry is complex, kits manufactured for laboratory use are very easy to use and give accurate results. In Europe some 15 million of these in vitro analyses are undertaken each year.
Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals
Every organ in our bodies acts differently from a chemical point of view. Doctors and chemists have identified a number of chemicals which are absorbed by specific organs. The thyroid, for example, takes up iodine, the brain consumes quantities of glucose, and so on. With this knowledge, radiopharmacists are able to attach various radioisotopes to biologically active substances. Once a radioactive form of one of these substances enters the body, it is incorporated into the normal biological processes and excreted in the usual ways.Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals can be used to examine blood flow to the brain, functioning of the liver, lungs, heart or kidneys, to assess bone growth, and to confirm other diagnostic procedures. Another important use is to predict the effects of surgery and assess changes since treatment.
The amount of the radiopharmaceutical given to a patient is just sufficient to obtain the required information before its decay. The radiation dose received is medically insignificant. The patient experiences no discomfort during the test and after a short time there is no trace that the test was ever done. The non-invasive nature of this technology, together with the ability to observe an organ functioning from outside the body, makes this technique a powerful diagnostic tool.
A radioisotope used for diagnosis must emit gamma rays of sufficient energy to escape from the body and it must have a half-life short enough for it to decay away soon after imaging is completed.
The radioisotope most widely used in medicine is technetium-99m, employed in some 80% of all nuclear medicine procedures - hence some 30 million per year, of which 6-7 million are in Europe, 15 million in North America, 6-8 million in Asia/Pacific (particularly Japan), and 0.5 million in other regions. It is an isotope of the artificially-produced element technetium and it has almost ideal characteristics for a nuclear medicine scan. These are:
- It has a half-life of six hours which is long enough to examine metabolic processes yet short enough to minimise the radiation dose to the patient.
- Technetium-99m decays by a process called "isomeric"; which emits gamma rays and low energy electrons. Since there is no high-energy beta emission the radiation dose to the patient is low.
- The low energy gamma rays it emits easily escape the human body and are accurately detected by a gamma camera. Once again the radiation dose to the patient is minimised.
- The chemistry of technetium is so versatile it can form tracers by being incorporated into a range of biologically-active substances to ensure that it concentrates in the tissue or organ of interest.
A similar generator system is used to produce rubidium-82 for PET imaging from strontium-82 - which has a half-life of 25 days.
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI) uses thallium-201 chloride or technetium-99m and is important for detection and prognosis of coronary artery disease.
Canadian 2006 data shows that 56% of Tc-99 use there is in myocardial ischemia perfusion, 17% in bone scans, 7% in liver/hepatobiliary, 4% respiratory, 3% renal, 3% thyroid.
For PET imaging, the main radiopharmaceutical is Fluoro-deoxy glucose (FDG) incorporating F-18 - with a half-life of just under two hours, as a tracer. The FDG is readily incorporated into the cell without being broken down, and is a good indicator of cell metabolism.
In diagnostic medicine, there is a strong trend to using more cyclotron-produced isotopes such as F-18 as PET and CT/PET become more widely available. However, the procedure needs to be undertaken within two hours reach of a cyclotron, which limits their utility compared with Mo/Tc-99.
Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals
For some medical conditions, it is useful to destroy or weaken malfunctioning cells using radiation. The radioisotope that generates the radiation can be localised in the required organ in the same way it is used for diagnosis - through a radioactive element following its usual biological path, or through the element being attached to a suitable biological compound. In most cases, it is beta radiation which causes the destruction of the damaged cells. This is radionuclide therapy (RNT) or radiotherapy. Short-range radiotherapy is known as brachytherapy, and this is becoming the main means of treatment.Although radiotherapy is less common than diagnostic use of radioactive material in medicine, it is nevertheless widespread, important and growing. An ideal therapeutic radioisotope is a strong beta emitter with just enough gamma to enable imaging, eg lutetium-177. This is prepared from ytterbium-176 which is irradiated to become Yb-177 which decays rapidly to Lu-177.Yttrium-90 is used for treatment of cancer, particularly non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and its more widespread use is envisaged, including for arthritis treatment. Lu-177 and Y-90 are becoming the main RNT agents.
Iodine-131 and phosphorus-32 are also used for therapy. Iodine-131 is used to treat the thyroid for cancers and other abnormal conditions such as hyperthyroidism (over-active thyroid). In a disease called Polycythemia vera, an excess of red blood cells is produced in the bone marrow. Phosphorus-32 is used to control this excess.
A new and still experimental procedure uses boron-10, which concentrates in the tumour. The patient is then irradiated with neutrons which are strongly absorbed by the boron, to produce high-energy alpha particles which kill the cancer.
For targeted alpha therapy (TAT), actinium-225 is readily available, from which the daughter bismuth-213 can be obtained (via 3 alpha decays) to label targeting molecules. The bismuth is obtained by elution from an Ac-225/Bi-213 generator similar to the Mo-99/Tc-99 one. Bi-213 has a 46-minute half-life. The actinium-225 (half-life 10 days) is formed from radioactive decay of radium-225, the decay product of long-lived thorium-229, which is obtained from decay of uranium-233, which is formed from Th-232 by neutron capture in a nuclear reactor.
Another radionuclide recovered from used nuclear fuel is lead-212, with half-life of 10.6 hours, which can be attached to monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment. Its decay chain includes the short-lived isotopes bismuth-212 by beta decay, polonium-212 by beta decay and thallium-208 by alpha decay of the bismuth, with further alpha and beta decays respectively to Pb-208, all over about an hour.
Considerable medical research is being conducted worldwide into the use of radionuclides attached to highly specific biological chemicals such as immunoglobulin molecules (monoclonal antibodies). The eventual tagging of these cells with a therapeutic dose of radiation may lead to the regression - or even cure - of some diseases.
Radioisotope Poisons
In 2006 Britain witnessed the apparent murder of one of its newer citizens, a former Russian intelligence official, by poisoning with radioactive polonium. His death was slow and excruciating.Polonium has about 26 isotopes, all of which are radioactive. Webelements periodic table says that it is 250 billion times more toxic than hydrocyanic acid. It is readily soluble in weak acid. (It was the first element discovered by Marie Curie, in 1898, and named after her native Poland. Her daughter Irene was contaminated with polonium in a laboratory accident and died of leukemia at the age of 59.)
Polonium-210 is the penultimate decay product of U-238, before it alpha decays to become stable lead. It results from the beta decay of Pb-210 (in the U-238 decay series) to Bi-210 which rapidly beta decays to Po-210. This gives rise to its occurrence in nature, where uranium is ubiquitous. However, because of its short (138 day) half life, very little Po-210 would be found in uranium ore or mill tailings (Webelements suggests 0.1 mg/tonne). Po-210 levels in soil would be even less, but it is concentrated in tobacco and traces of it can be found in smokers' urine.
Po-210 can also be made by neutron irradiation of Bi-209, and that is most likely source of any significant quantity. Russia has used Po-210 as a heat source in short-life spacecraft and lunar rovers. It also operates reactors using lead-bismuth cooling, which becomes contaminated with Po-210 due to neutron bombardment.
Because its half-life is so short, a gram of Po-210 is about 5000 times as radioactive as a gram of radium - which sets the standard of activity. But at 138 days its half life is long enough for it to be manufactured, transported and administered before its loses its potency. It would not put the carrier at much risk, since alpha radiation is only really a hazard inside the body - a layer of skin is protection. About 10 micrograms (2 GBq) was said to have been used, administered in a cup of tea (it would be warm due to the decay).
However, simply dosing someone with polonium might not have much effect if it simply went in one end and out the other in a day or two without being absorbed from the gut. It would probably need to be complexed on to an organic carrier which would enter the bloodstream and take it to vital organs where it would stay. (This is what happens with targeted alpha therapy (TAT) using very low levels of alpha-active radioisotopes: the carriers take them to dispersed cancerous tissues where they are needed.)
In Mr Litvinenko's case the intense alpha radiation was reportedly in vital organs and sufficient to destroy them over three weeks. It was apparently over one hundred times the dose used in TAT for cancer treatment and the Po-210 is much longer-lived than isotopes used for TAT. It could have been attached to something as simple as a sugar.
Supplies of radioisotopes
Most medical radioisotopes made in nuclear reactors are sourced from relatively few research reactors, including:- NRU at Chalk River in Canada (supplied via MDS Nordion)
- HFR at Petten in Netherlands (supplied via IRE and Covidien)
- BR-2 at Mol in Belgium (supplied via IRE and Covidien)
- Maria in Poland (supplied via Covidien)
- Osiris & Orphee at Saclay in France (supplied via IRE)
- FRJ-2/ FRM-2 at Julich in Germany (supplied via IRE)
- LWR-15 at Rez in Czech Republic
- HFETR at Chengdu in China
- Safari in South Africa (supplied from NTP)
- Opal in Australia (supplied from ANSTO to domestic market, exports from 2016)
- ETRR-2 in Egypt (forthcoming: supplied to domestic market)
- Dimitrovgrad in Russia (Isotop-NIIAR)
Of fission radioisotopes, 40% of Mo-99 (for Tc-99m) comes from MDS Nordion, 25% from Covidien (formerly Tyco), 17% from IRE and 10% from NTP. For I-131, 75% is from IRE, 25% from NTP. Over 90% of the Mo-99 is made in five reactors: NRU in Canada (40%), HFR in Netherlands (30%), BR-2 in Belgium (9%), Osiris in France (5%), and Safari-1 in South Africa (10%). Canadian 2008 data gives 31% for NRU. Russia is keen to increase its share of world supply, and in 2012 some 66% of its radioisotope production was exported.
World demand for Mo-99 is 23,000 six-day TBq/yr.* It is mostly prepared by fission of U-235 targets in a nuclear research reactor. Most is produced using high-enriched uranium targets. The targets are then processed to separate the Mo-99 and also to recover I-131. Opal, Safari, and increasingly other reactors, are moving to low-enriched uranium targets, which adds about 20% to production costs.
* 23,000 TBq is on basis of activity at 6 days from production reference point, ie 22% of nearly 100,000 TBq required in production processing (given 66 hour half-life). This is still about two days from the end of irradiation, so some 167,000 TBq/yr must be made in the actual reactors to allow for cooling, processing and decay en route to the users.
A number of incidents in 2008 pointed up shortcomings and unreliability in the supply of medical isotopes, particular technetium. As indicated above, most of the world's supply of Mo-99 for this comes from only five reactors, all of them 43 to 52 years old (in mid 2010). The Canadian and Netherlands reactors required major repairs over 2009-10 and were out of action for some time. Osiris is due to shut down in 2015. NRU at Chalk River has been re-licensed to 2016. A new 20 MW South Korean reactor at Busan is expected to be operating in 2016. An increasing supply shortfall of Tc-99 was forecast from 2010, and the IAEA is encouraging new producers. During the 2009-10 supply crisis, South Africa's (NECSA) Safari was able to supply 25% of the supply of Mo-99. Australia's Opal reactor has the capacity to produce half the world supply of it, and a much larger Mo production facility is planned to be on line in 2016 to meet one quarter of world demand. Also the processing and distribution of isotopes is complex and constrained, which can be critical when the isotopes concerned are short-lived. A need for increased production capacity and more reliable distribution is evident. The Mo-99 market is about $5 billion per year, according to NECSA.
In 2009 the NEA set up the High-level Group on the Security of Supply of Medical Radioisotopes (HLG-MR) to strengthen the reliability of Mo-99 and Tc-99 supply in the short, medium and long term. It reviewed the Mo-99 supply chain to identify the key areas of vulnerability, the issues that need to be addressed and the mechanisms that could be used to help resolve them. It requested an economic study of the supply chain, and this was published in 2010 by the NEA. The report identifies possible changes needed. The historical development of the market has an impact on the present economic situation, which is unsustainable. The supply chain’s economic structure therefore needs to be changed to attract additional investment in production capacity as well as the necessary reserve capacity, and all supply chain participants worldwide need to agree on and implement the changes needed.
The report predicts supply shortages from 2016, not simply from reactors but due to processing limitations. Historically reactor irradiation prices have been too low to attract new investment, and full cost recovery is needed to encourage new infrastructure. This will have little impact on end prices since irradiation only accounts for about 1% of product cost. Transport regulation and denial of shipment impede reliable supply. HEU use needs to be minimised, though conversion to LEU targets will reduce capacity. Outage reserve capacity needs to be sourced, valued and paid for by the supply chain. Fission is the most efficient and reliable means of production, but Canada and Japan are developing better accelerator-based techniques.
The US Congress has called for all Mo-99 to be supplied by reactors running on low-enriched uranium (LEU), instead of high-enriched uranium (HEU). Also it has called for proposals for an LEU-based supply of Mo-99 for the US market. This supply should reach 111 six-day TBq per week by mid-2013, a quarter of world demand. Tenders for this closed in June 2010.
In January 2009 Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) announced an agreement with international isotope supplier Covidien to produce Mo-99 sufficient for half of US demand, if a new process involving an innovative reactor and separation technology is successful. They plan to use Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor (AHR) technology with low-enriched uranium in small 100-200 kW units units where the fuel is mixed with the moderator and the U-235 forms both the fuel and the irradiation target. A single production facility could have four such reactors. B&W and Covidien expect a five-year lead time to first production. (LEU is dissolved in acid then brought to criticality in a 200-litre vessel. As fission proceeds the solution is circulated through an extraction facility to remove the fission products with Mo-99 and then back into the reactor vessel, which is at low temperature and pressure.) At Russia's Kurchatov Institute the 20 kW ARGUS AHR has operated since 1981, and R&D on producing Mo-99 from it is ongoing.
Also in the USA, the University of Missouri was reported to be planning a licence application to NRC to produce half of US requirements of Mo-99 at its research reactor using low-enriched uranium targets by 2012.
In Russia, the Research Institute of Atomic Reactors (NIIAR or RIAR, with 3 reactors for isotope production) and Trans-regional Izotop Association (VA Izotop JSC) established a joint venture, Isotop-NIIAR to produce Mo-99 at Dimitrovgrad from 2010. Phase 1 of the Mo-99 production line with capacity of 1700 TBq/yr was commissioned in December 2010, reaching capacity in May 2011, and Phase 2 started in February and commissioned in June 2012 will take capacity to 1480 TBq/yr (evidently 6-day activity). Earlier reports quoted 4800 TBq/yr, and Rosatom aims for 20% of the world Mo-99 market by 2014, supplied internationally through Nordion. Since 2009, VA Izotop has been authorized by Rosatom to control all isotope production and radiological devices in Russia. In September 2010 JSC Izotop signed a framework agreement with MDS Nordion to explore commercial opportunities outside Russia on the basis of this Isotop-NIIAR JV, initially over ten years.
Cobalt-60 has mostly come from Candu power reactors by irradiation of Co-59 in special rods, and production is being expanded. Production sites include: Bruce B, Pickering and Gentilly in Canada; Embalse in Argentina; Qinshan Phase III units 1 and 2 in China; Wolsong 1 and 2 in South Korea (all Candu); and Leningrad 1 in Russia (RBMK). These were to be joined by the Clinton and Hope Creek BWRs in USA from 2012.
Nuclear Medicine Wastes
The use of radioisotopes for medical diagnosis and treatments results in the generation of mainly Low-Level Waste (LLW). This waste includes paper, rags, tools, clothing and filters, which contain small amounts of mostly short-lived radioactivity. These types of waste often undergo decay storage for periods of months to a few years before being disposed of at urban land-fill sites.When radiography sources have decayed to a point where they are no longer emitting enough penetrating radiation for use in treatments, they are considered as radioactive waste. Sources such as Co-60 are treated as short-lived Intermediate-Level wastes (ILW). Other sources such as Radium-226, used in cancer therapy, will however require long-term storage and geological disposal as ILW, as a result of their higher level of long-lived radioactivity.
Isotopes used in Medicine
Many radioisotopes are made in nuclear reactors, some in cyclotrons. Generally neutron-rich ones and those resulting from nuclear fission need to be made in reactors, neutron-depleted ones are made in cyclotrons. There are about 40 activation product radioisotopes and five fission product ones made in reactors.Reactor Radioisotopes (half-life indicated)
Bismuth-213 (46 min): Used for targeted alpha therapy (TAT), especially cancers, as it has a high energy (8.4 MeV).
Chromium-51 (28 d): Used to label red blood cells and quantify gastro-intestinal protein loss.
Cobalt-60 (5.27 yr): Formerly used for external beam radiotherapy, now used more for sterilising
Dysprosium-165 (2 h): Used as an aggregated hydroxide for synovectomy treatment of arthritis.
Erbium-169 (9.4 d): Use for relieving arthritis pain in synovial joints.
Holmium-166 (26 h): Being developed for diagnosis and treatment of liver tumours.
Iodine-125 (60 d): Used in cancer brachytherapy (prostate and brain), also diagnostically to evaluate the filtration rate of kidneys and to diagnose deep vein thrombosis in the leg. It is also widely used in radioimmuno-assays to show the presence of hormones in tiny quantities.
Iodine-131 (8 d)*: Widely used in treating thyroid cancer and in imaging the thyroid; also in diagnosis of abnormal liver function, renal (kidney) blood flow and urinary tract obstruction. A strong gamma emitter, but used for beta therapy.
Iridium-192 (74 d): Supplied in wire form for use as an internal radiotherapy source for cancer treatment (used then removed). Beta emitter.
Iron-59 (46 d): Used in studies of iron metabolism in the spleen.
Lead-212 (10.6 h): Used in TAT for cancers, with decay products Bi-212, Po-212, Tl-208.
Lutetium-177 (6.7 d): Lu-177 is increasingly important as it emits just enough gamma for imaging while the beta radiation does the therapy on small (eg endocrine) tumours. Its half-life is long enough to allow sophisticated preparation for use. It is usually produced by neutron activation of natural or enriched lutetium-176 targets.
Molybdenum-99 (66 h)*: Used as the 'parent' in a generator to produce technetium-99m.
Palladium-103 (17 d): Used to make brachytherapy permanent implant seeds for early stage prostate cancer.
Phosphorus-32 (14 d): Used in the treatment of polycythemia vera (excess red blood cells). Beta emitter.
Potassium-42 (12 h): Used for the determination of exchangeable potassium in coronary blood flow.
Rhenium-186 (3.8 d): Used for pain relief in bone cancer. Beta emitter with weak gamma for imaging.
Rhenium-188 (17 h): Used to beta irradiate coronary arteries from an angioplasty balloon.
Samarium-153 (47 h): Sm-153 is very effective in relieving the pain of secondary cancers lodged in the bone, sold as Quadramet. Also very effective for prostate and breast cancer. Beta emitter.
Selenium-75 (120 d): Used in the form of seleno-methionine to study the production of digestive enzymes.
Sodium-24 (15 h): For studies of electrolytes within the body.
Strontium-89 (50 d)*: Very effective in reducing the pain of prostate and bone cancer. Beta emitter.
Technetium-99m (6 h): Used in to image the skeleton and heart muscle in particular, but also for brain, thyroid, lungs (perfusion and ventilation), liver, spleen, kidney (structure and filtration rate), gall bladder, bone marrow, salivary and lacrimal glands, heart blood pool, infection and numerous specialised medical studies. Produced from Mo-99 in a generator.
Xenon-133 (5 d)*: Used for pulmonary (lung) ventilation studies.
Ytterbium-169 (32 d): Used for cerebrospinal fluid studies in the brain.
Ytterbium-177 (1.9 h): Progenitor of Lu-177.
Yttrium-90 (64 h)*: Used for cancer brachytherapy and as silicate colloid for the relieving the pain of arthritis in larger synovial joints. Pure beta emitter and of growing significance in therapy.
Radioisotopes of caesium, gold and ruthenium are also used in brachytherapy.
* fission product
Cyclotron Radioisotopes
Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, Oxygen-15, Fluorine-18: These are positron emitters used in PET for studying brain physiology and pathology, in particular for localising epileptic focus, and in dementia, psychiatry and neuropharmacology studies. They also have a significant role in cardiology. F-18 in FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose) has become very important in detection of cancers and the monitoring of progress in their treatment, using PET.
Cobalt-57 (272 d): Used as a marker to estimate organ size and for in-vitro diagnostic kits.
Copper-64 (13 h): Used to study genetic diseases affecting copper metabolism, such as Wilson's and Menke's diseases, and for PET imaging of tumours, and therapy.
Copper-67 (2.6 d): Beta emitter, used in therapy.
Fluorine-18 as FLT (fluorothymidine), F-miso (fluoromisonidazole), 18F-choline: tracer.
Gallium-67 (78 h): Used for tumour imaging and localisation of inflammatory lesions (infections).
Gallium-68 (68 min): Positron emitter used in PET and PET-CT units. Derived from germanium-68 in a generator.
Germanium-68 (271 d): Used as the 'parent' in a generator to produce Ga-68.
Indium-111 (2.8 d): Used for specialist diagnostic studies, eg brain studies, infection and colon transit studies.
Iodine-123 (13 h): Increasingly used for diagnosis of thyroid function, it is a gamma emitter without the beta radiation of I-131.
Iodine-124: tracer.
Krypton-81m (13 sec) from Rubidium-81 (4.6 h): Kr-81m gas can yield functional images of pulmonary ventilation, e.g. in asthmatic patients, and for the early diagnosis of lung diseases and function.
Rubidium-82 (1.26 min): Convenient PET agent in myocardial perfusion imaging.
Strontium-82 (25 d): Used as the 'parent' in a generator to produce Rb-82.
Thallium-201 (73 h): Used for diagnosis of coronary artery disease other heart conditions such as heart muscle death and for location of low-grade lymphomas.
What are radioisotopes?
Many of the chemical elements have a number of isotopes. The isotopes of an element have the same number of protons in their atoms (atomic number) but different masses due to different numbers of neutrons. In an atom in the neutral state, the number of external electrons also equals the atomic number. These electrons determine the chemistry of the atom. The atomic mass is the sum of the protons and neutrons. There are 82 stable elements and about 275 stable isotopes of these elements.
When a combination of neutrons and protons, which does not already exist in nature, is produced artificially, the atom will be unstable and is called a radioactive isotope or radioisotope. There are also a number of unstable natural isotopes arising from the decay of primordial uranium and thorium. Overall there are some 1800 radioisotopes.
At present there are up to 200 radioisotopes used on a regular basis, and most must be produced artificially.
Radioisotopes can be manufactured in several ways. The most common is by neutron activation in a nuclear reactor. This involves the capture of a neutron by the nucleus of an atom resulting in an excess of neutrons (neutron rich). Some radioisotopes are manufactured in a cyclotron in which protons are introduced to the nucleus resulting in a deficiency of neutrons (proton rich).
The nucleus of a radioisotope usually becomes stable by emitting an alpha and/or beta particle (or positron). These particles may be accompanied by the emission of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation known as gamma rays. This process is known as radioactive decay.
Radioactive products which are used in medicine are referred to as radiopharmaceuticals.
SYRIAN REVOLUTIONARIES REPORT A PASSENGER PLANE DELIVERY, WHILE ASSAD FURIOUSLY DUG A HOLE UNDER THE PALACE....
Aja Brooks
November 11
Iran has responded to cleaning up a nuclear site pinpointed as a clandestine lab, that could be used for weapon manufacturing. Due to escalating tensions and no signature on the security agreement yet, they were asked to move the site or lose whatever they were working on. Tensions have ran high with Israel entering the fray, misfiring onto several Syrians in the Golans attempting to fire at Palestinians. Assad's helicopters misfired and struck Turkey's border, chasing both rebels and Syrians there. FSA claimed a number of victories over Assad's forces, who were repelled in Homs and other areas. Those who were not killed, surrendered to FSA.
1h Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty
#Syria documents #AssadArmy #SyrianRegime receiving weapons via civilian aircraft -- Whose plane is this/where? pic.twitter.com/7X5xwHR
Assad's forces continued to bombard Daria for 72hrs. and issue attacks, and the Syrian Regime received a weapons' shipment through a civilian passenger plane that is being investigated where the plane came from and its markings. Syria has just completed its elections and wants to solidify a national coalition encompassing the Syrian National Council, its forces, and political opposition before the ceasefire ends, the ceasefire that erupted out of control, actually ends on 11/14/12.
There is an uneasy peace with Iran for the time being on them not readily accepting a year long peace accord, in exchange for signing the security agreement, because of their alliance with Assad, and Assad's inability to secure his country and reluctance to accept help with Al Qaeda asserting itself in the region nearly two months after it first declared to take Syria for its own.
Considerations for aid and possible armament are on the table, given the lack of cooperation and communication by the Assad-Iran alliance, which have not been ruled out due a tenuous ceasefire filled with turmoil and utter violence.
For more reports and links, go to http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151220968518670&set=a.79091778669.74391.773523669&type=1&theater
NOT REALLY SEEING THAT THIS WAS EFFECTIVE NEGOTIATION....
Declaration of Sovereignty of Iran and recognition of petition of Nuclear Armament: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PhI8F5pPBKtbAfNWXymtDm-lj_VbX7kYOmyR-Kq5j5E/edit
In honor of United Nations Day 10-24-12, the United States would like to recognize the Sovereignty of Iran and recognition of petition for nuclear armament:
A promise was made to Iran by the Obama Administration that has not been kept regarding negotiations and Obama has also undermined the Integrity of Presidential Office in providing arms to Syrian Rebels.
Despite this, the task of keeping peace is relegated to being the duty of the American people, to not break faith with the free world, who aims to pursue peace whenever possible.
Sanctions have never been effective to deter Iran’s pursuance of nuclear armament for two reasons:
1) Sanctions have served to antagonize and delay open and mediated negotiations as promised.
2) The recent assassination of Security Chief Al Hassan poses serious risks to all Middle Eastern government officials, with twelve major identifiable Al Qaeda branch militias sprouting from the dead stump after a decade of War in various countries.
For this reason, rhetoric and emotions can no longer be an impasse to true negotiation. With evidence provided by Iran, that has demonstrated energy independence and experimental cancer research, we must respect Iran’s sovereignty, and Iran’s right to adequate defense. When dealing with our own budget issues and strained relationship to the Chinese, it must be noted that sanctions have only spread our economic pain to Middle Eastern governments, causing them to be weaker and have less ability to deal with terrorism in their own country.
Attacking a nation’s currency is a subversive act that paves a path to war. A safer Iran is a safer Middle East, and thus, a safer world. Ahmadinejad’s commitment individually on the Global Counterterrorism Council goes beyond the initial political rift created by Obama. Sharing perspectives and information has given rise to discussion, where before it only took place between P5+1.
Iran, despite the rhetoric, is very reserved when it comes to what it perceives to be acts of provocation. Neither country should have to resort to spy games and the inconvenience of attacking computers or covert acts of war, when negotiation was never used and simply lauded for politics.
Several examples of back and forth retaliation were high oil prices with Iran refusing to negotiate oil prices or enrichment programs, without pre-conditioned unconditional negotiations. Iran was then attacked by the Stuxnet Virus. Iran then retaliated through spy organizations or terrorist groups to attack US banks, which promptly turned into another cyber attack on Saudi distributors, with Iraq bailing on meeting the oil demand and lowering prices.
By engaging us in a sanction war, Obama has embroiled our economy as the EU insists we continue, for the EURO and their profits off shorts. Iran was counseled on currency and trade issues, and an offer of trade and rescinding sanctions for peace was broached.
The main issue and purpose of this document is to record a historical account of events, rather than a political or journalistic rendering.
May this declaration and recognition of Iran’s petition for nuclear armament serve as a reference point for the start of negotiations that had not occurred for various reasons.
Beginning 10-26-12, let there be peace between the United States and Iran, as Iran buys ⅓ of our grain sustaining our nation’s agriculture sector, and we are Iran’s best customer when it comes to oil consumption. Let us not continue sanctions to the collective ruin of our economies and detriment of our people.
There is enough war-making in the world than to make enemies carelessly, or to continue allowing words spoken in haste and anger to direct relations and dictate actions. We may revisit this agreement in a year or due to an act of war, but the accusations of hegemony must be put to rest and imperialism of either country duly spurned.
Over 30 days have passed since Iran should have signed the security agreement on 9-20-12, that they would not sign without these important acknowledgements and public recognitions of their sovereignty and petition for armament.
The concern over escalating rhetoric can be put down this day, if Iran fully complies with inspectors. Failure to adequately secure nuclear technology which could be sold to terrorists or traded to Russia will invalidate this agreement and revoke provisions of peace and trade.
I pray sincerely a new American Administration treat Iran fairly in its political dealings and with the respect Iran deserves to pursue what is best for Iran, as long as it is not at the expense of others or in expedience of religious differences.
May we see Iran as a partnership worth cultivating in the Middle East than using sanctions in place of negotiation foddering an eminent state of war.
The Undersigned,
Ms. Aja Brooks
Tea Party Chief
ISRAEL-GAZA CONFLICT UPS THE ANTE FOR REGIONAL WAR:
Aja Brooks shared a link.
http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/16/250030.html
NATO chief worried about Syrian conflict spreading
english.alarabiya.net
NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen on Friday said he feared the Syrian conflict could spread to neighbouring countries, as Israel prepares to intensify its response to rocket attacks from Gaza. “Syria might have an interest in a spillover of the conflict into other countries...
david.wood@huffingtonpost.com
Gaza Violence Raises Specter Of Wider War In Middle East
Posted: 11/20/2012 12:46 pm EST Updated: 11/21/2012 10:54 am EST
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Palestinian Territories, Hamas, Israel, Video, Hamas Israel, Israel Hamas, Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Gaza Rockets, Israel Gaza Ceasefire, Israel Gaza Conflict, Israel Gaza Conflict 2012, Israel Gaza Offensive, Israel Gaza Truce, Israel Gaza War, Israel Hamas War, Reuters, World NewsWASHINGTON -- The dueling rocket attacks and air strikes between Israel and Gaza are escalating in one of the world's most unstable and heavily armed regions -- raising the specter of a broader war that almost certainly would engage U.S. military forces.
The risks of a wider conflict -- one that could see Iranian missiles targeting American troops in Afghanistan, Hezbollah rocket and guerrilla attacks into Northern Israel from Lebanon, U.S. warships fighting through minefields to re-open the strait of Hormuz and smoke billowing from wrecked tankers and oil facilities along the Persian Gulf -- are higher because of growing opportunities for miscalculation, according to military and regional experts.
For the region's major military powers -- the U.S., Israel, Turkey and Iran -- there is no hotline, no diplomatic link that could help prevent them from groping blindly through an escalating crisis.
And once started, a regional conflict would be hard to stop, experts say. Recent war games demonstrated the tendency of Washington and Tehran to completely misread the other's intentions.
As a result of increasing militarization of the region and escalating tension, there is "a growing risk" of "a major clash or war in the [Persian] Gulf -- not because one is desired, but as the unintended consequence of rising tension and mistrust," said Anthony Cordesman, a senior arms analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, in Washington.
The U.S. strategy of using diplomacy and military power to deter violent escalation "is always a risk, and the more tensions rise the higher the risk," Cordesman told The Huffington Post.
"Crisis management can work when you are dealing with a partner who wants to manage the crisis, as we saw with the former Soviet Union," he added, noting that Iran has rejected the idea of a hotline. "It's unfortunately true that you can put in hotlines and sign agreements but if the partner doesn't want it to work, it won't."
Although the world's attention is riveted on the fighting in Gaza, there has been a steady rise in military tension across the region over the past few months. The civil war raging in Syria has ignited violence along its border with Turkey, whose status as a NATO ally requires the U.S. to come to its aid if requested. Syria shot down a Turkish warplane in June. Iran has shot down a U.S. spy drone, and last week Israel returned fire into Syria after Syrian mortar shells landed on the Golan Heights in Northern Israel.
Military exercises, meanwhile, also have been escalating. In July, Iran simulated missile attacks on U.S. bases in Afghanistan and in the Persian Gulf. This fall, the U.S. and 30 allied nations sent warships into the Persian Gulf to practice counter-mine warfare. Iran has a stockpile of tens of thousands of sophisticated sea mines and Defense Secretary Leon Panetta has vowed to re-open the Gulf oil routes if Iran carries out its threat to shut down oil traffic. While the allied warships were underway, Iran fired four anti-ship missiles, destroying a ship-sized practice target near the Strait of Hormuz.
Early this month, two Iranian fighters attacked a U.S. drone which U.S. officials said was in international airspace over the Persian Gulf. The Iranian jets missed in two passes and the drone got away.
Within the region, these incidents and exercises are seen as signals -- saber-rattling to demonstrate resolve, or military prowess or impatience. Such signalling doesn't always work: four years ago, an effort by Iran to impress the outside world backfired when it was caught doctoring photos of a multiple missile launch.
But the risks of using threats of force as diplomatic signals, in the overheated atmosphere of the Middle East, were demonstrated clearly in a recent war game played out at the Brookings Institution in Washington. Experts playing the roles of U.S. and Iranian officials discovered that even small miscalculations pushed both sides toward open conflict.
"Washington should be very careful about how it tries to send signals to Tehran in a crisis, especially if it attempts to use military actions as signals," Kenneth Pollack, a senior Persian Gulf analyst at Brookings, wrote in a summary of the simulation. "There is a very high risk that the Iranians either will not understand such signals or may interpret them in a very different way than was intended."
Decades of mutual hostility and suspicion, and a lack of regular communications, have left Iran and the U.S. "in a very dangerous situation when tensions are high, direct contacts are impossible and miscalculation and misperception are likely," Pollack wrote.
A flood of heavy weapons into the region has made tensions even higher.
Under a formalized security arrangement with the six states of the Gulf Coordination Council, the U.S. has accelerated arms sales to the region.
According to a Congressional Research Service report, between 2008 and 2011, the U.S. delivered $116.8 billion worth of weapons into the Middle East, and most of that to the Gulf states. That's almost double the previous four-year period, when U.S. deliveries came to $60.3 billion. The arms bonanza concluded a year ago with the sale of jet fighters to Saudi Arabia, a deal worth $29.4 billion -- the single largest American arms sale ever.
The U.S. arms deliveries included 348 tanks and 199 artillery systems, and with its allies the U.S. delivered almost 800 anti-air missiles and 100 supersonic combat aircraft. Russia also got in the arms sales game, delivering into the Middle East 3,480 anti-air missiles, 30 supersonic combat aircraft and 50 tanks. Even China delivered 60 tanks. The CRS report did not account for sales of other missiles, artillery rounds, land and sea mines and other weapons.
The accumulation of weapons and grievances in the Middle East deeply worries Paul Bracken, Yale professor of management and political science and an expert in risk and crisis management. Bracken, who has written widely on nuclear crisis management, noted that the current conflict in the Middle East, involving Israel and the fragmented Hamas leadership, but also Egypt, Iran, Turkey and the U.S., is far more complex and difficult to manage than the Cuban missile crisis, which involved only Washington and Moscow.
Still, he said, so far everyone seems to be honoring an escalation threshold -- Hezbollah has not opened fire on Israel from Lebanon, Syria did not pursue the confrontation on the Golan Heights, Egypt has made certain no rockets are fired from its territory. U.S. and Iranian warships are largely observing a de-facto practice of maintaining at least 500 meters between ships.
But Bracken, author of a new book on nuclear crisis management, said he sees the current crisis as a "dress rehearsal" for a bigger crisis that will occur when Iran obtains a nuclear weapons capability.
In that sense, he said, "we are well beyond the dangers of the Cuban missile crisis."
Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty
@DrMorsy_news I also want to say, my condolences to you for your sister, this turmoil has not come at a good time for anyone certainly.
@DrMorsy_news A scorpion came to visit me: role that I have is to play the role of a protector, ward off evil, without getting stung myself.
@FreeSyrianArmy We are coming to help, very soon, but you can't partner with #AlQaeda as we will have no part with them. All I can say now.
9:53 PM - 20 Nov 12 · Details
صفحة الثورة السورية @RevolutionSyria
Those who are paying with their lives for our freedom deserve our full support. God bless the #FSA. #Syria
Retweeted by Tea Party Chief
@RevolutionSyria We ask nothing less for you
@FreeSyrianArmy The Cherokee understand your position and predicament, as we know it from experience and also know the risks of regional war
6:44 PM - 20 Nov 12 · Details
Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty "You're destroying @BarackObama pet revolution and killing children in the process..." the other says "My enemies?!"pic.twitter.com/XxDDfZy
6:43 PM - 20 Nov 12 · Details
Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty If there is no #ceasefire @netanyahu we intend on a dual regional war declaration
5:08 PM - 20 Nov 12 · Details
Syria adds to Mideast peril
By CONDOLEEZZA RICE, Commentary
Published 11:02 p.m., Tuesday, November 20, 2012
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*The civil war in Syria may well be the last act in the story of the disintegration of the Middle East as we know it. The opportunity to hold the region together and to rebuild it on a firmer foundation of tolerance, freedom and, eventually, democratic stability is slipping from our grasp.
Egypt and Iran are states with long, continuous histories and strong national identities. Turkey is as well, but there is the matter of the Kurds, who are still largely unassimilated, mistrusted by Ankara and tempted by the hope of independent nationhood.
Every other important state is a modern construct, created by the British, who drew borders like lines on the back of an envelope, without regard for ethnic and sectarian differences.
The results: A Bahrain that is 70 percent Shiite, governed by a Sunni monarch. Saudi Arabia was created with a 10 percent Shiite population in its richest provinces to the east. Iraq is 65 percent Shiite, 20 percent Sunni, and a mix of Kurds and others, all ruled until 2003 by an iron-fisted Sunni dictator. Jordan's population is almost 70 percent Palestinian. Lebanon is roughly evenly divided among Sunnis, Shiites and Christians. And then there is Syria: a conglomerate of Sunnis, Shiites, Kurds and others, ruled by the Alawite minority.
This fragile state structure has been held together for decades by monarchs and dictators. But as the desire for freedom has spread from Tunis to Cairo to Damascus, authoritarians have lost their grip. The danger is that these artificial states could fly apart.
In Iraq, after overthrowing Saddam Hussein, the United States hoped that a fledging multi-ethnic, multiconfessional democracy could do what authoritarians could not: give all of these groups a stake in a common future.
The conflict in Syria is pushing Iraq and others to the breaking point. At the same time, U.S. disengagement has tempted Iraqi politicians to move toward sectarian allies for survival. If Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki cannot count on the Americans, he will take no risks with Tehran.
The great mistake of the past year has been to define the conflict with Bashar Assad's regime as a humanitarian one. The regime in Damascus has been brutal and many innocent people have been slaughtered. But this was no replay of Libya. Much more is at stake.
Tehran no longer hides the fact that its security forces are working in Syria to prop up Assad. In this context, Tehran's sprint toward a nuclear weapon is a problem not just for Israel but the region as a whole.
So where is the United States? America has spent 12 months trying to get the Russians and the Chinese to agree to toothless U.N. resolutions to "stop the bloodshed" in Syria, as though Moscow will abandon Assad and Beijing really cares about chaos in the Middle East. Vladimir Putin is not a sentimental man. But if he believes that Assad can survive, he will do nothing to undermine him.
In recent days, France has stepped into the diplomatic vacuum to recognize a newly formed opposition that is broadly representative of all Syrians. The United States should follow Paris' lead and then vet and arm the unified group on the condition that it pursues an inclusive post-Assad framework.
Certainly there are risks.
After more than a year of brutal conflict, the most extreme elements of the opposition — including al-Qaida — have been empowered. The overthrow of Assad could indeed bring these dangerous groups to power. But the breakdown of the Middle East state system is a graver risk. Iran will win, our allies will lose and for decades the region's misery and violence will make today's chaos look tame.
War is not receding in the Middle East. It is building to a crescendo.
Our elections are over. Now, America must act.
Condoleezza Rice was secretary of state from 2005 to 2009. She wrote this for The Washington Post.
Read more: http://www.timesunion.com/opinion/article/Syria-adds-to-Mideast-peril-4055414.php#ixzz2CzuhY8A4
Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty I apologize to #Syria the entire world not distracted by news or cold to your pain, misery, suffering/daily death toll pic.twitter.com/64AqojO
6:40 PM - 20 Nov 12 · Details
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Al Qaeda Brigade Commander may have ties to a protest in Cairo, his face seems to be memorialized on the wall behind protesters who targeted Al Jazeera offices and a police chief who tried to broker an end to 3 days of protests....http://news.yahoo.com/egypt-protesters-firebomb-al-jazeera-cairo-office-125213545.html
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 *Aja Brooks Al Qaeda Brigade Commander may have ties to a protest in Cairo, his face seems to be memorialized on the wall behind protesters who targeted Al Jazeera offices and a police chief who tried to broker an end to 3 days of protests....http://news.yahoo.com/egypt-protesters-firebomb-al-jazeera-cairo-office-125213545.html (see his face back there on the wall) Egypt protesters firebomb Al-Jazeera Cair o office Associated Press – 58 mins ago Associated Press/Mohammed Asad - Egyptian protesters throw back tear gas canisters during clashes with security forces, near Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt, Wednesday, Nov. 21, 2012. Youth and security forces …more CAIRO (AP) — Egyptian protesters firebombed one of the offices of satellite broadcaster Al-Jazeera on Wednesday and attacked a police chief who tried to negotiate an end to three days of violent protests in central Cairo. The protesters hit the studio overlooking Tahrir Square with Molotov cocktails, engulfing it in flames. In a televised interview from inside the gutted office, reporter Ahmed el-Dassouki said around 300 protesters approached the building before noon, shouting obscenities. He said they set the place on fire, stormed the building, and looted the studio. "They accuse our network of being biased and not objective," he said. Many protesters had accused the channel of supporting the country's most powerful political force, the Muslim Brotherhood. After the attack, a crowd beat up Cairo Police Chief Osama el-Saghir, who had traveled to Tahrir Square to diffuse the situation, a security official said. Protesters drove El-Saghir from the square with punches and kicks, the official added, speaking anonymously because he was not authorized to brief reporters. Fire crews rushed to put out the office blaze as dozens of onlookers watched smoke and flames shoot from the balcony. Wednesday's development comes a day after a youth activist, Gaber Salah, was shot in the neck when clashes started on Monday. Scores of protesters have been wounded with birdshot and tear gas fired by police, and Egypt's Interior Ministry says 118 "rioters" have been arrested. The conflict began as peaceful demonstrations demanding retribution for protesters slain by police a year ago, and an expression of anger at the Muslim Brotherhood and President Mohammed Morsi. Protesters have hung a huge banner reading "Muslim Brotherhood not allowed." Monday was the first anniversary of the deadly confrontation between police and demonstrators known as "Mohammed Mahmoud," named after the street on which the clashes broke out when security forces moved to break up a sit-in by protesters injured during last year's uprising. It set off days of sustained violence that left 42 dead and hundreds wounded as security forces fired tear gas, shotgun rounds and rubber bullets. That was before Morsi was president, while the country was run by a transitional military government following the ouster of longtime president Hosni Mubarak. But this week's protesters, mostly disgruntled youth, feel he has done little to address their demand that security officers be held accountable for the killings of protesters. Like · · Unfollow Post · Share · Edit · Promote · Yesterday |
Aja Brooks
Tuesday
Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty
@FBIPressOffice #MohammedAzzedine #Darayya #Aleppo #DeirEzzor #AlQaedaBrigadeCommanderhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Vgptv1uD7xE … pic.twitter.com/E5PFDl4
11:55 PM - 20 Nov 12 · Details Flag media
3m Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty
#Syria @Martin_Dempsey @USMC @USNavy @usairfoce @USArmy @CIAPressRelease #MohammedAzzedine #Darayya #Aleppo #DeirEzzor https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Vgptv1uD7xE …
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24m Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty
@President_Iran @SayyidKhamenei I will be listing several things very soon, over the course of the day of my grievances with all 3 of you.
11:32 PM - 20 Nov 12 · Details
24m Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty
@President_Iran @SayyidKhamenei I am very dissatisfied with Assad, concerning matters already discussed regarding #AlQaeda and you also.
11:31 PM - 20 Nov 12 · Details
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NATO: Turkey wants use of air defense missiles
Associated Press – Wed, Nov 21, 2012- Print
You read this
BRUSSELS (AP) — Turkey's government requested the deployment of NATO's Patriot surface-to-air missiles Wednesday to bolster its defenses along its border with Syria.
Any deployment of NATO forces needs the approval of the alliance's governing body, the North Atlantic Council. But this is seen as a formality since NATO has already said it has plans in place to protect Turkey from a spillover of Syria's civil war.
"Allies will discuss this without delay," NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen said on Twitter. He said the deployment would augment alliance member Turkey's air defense capabilities and "would contribute to the de-escalation of the crisis along NATO's southeastern border."
Fogh Rasmussen also noted that the deployment of the U.S.-built Patriots wouldn't mean imposing a no-fly zone over Syrian territory, a key demand of Syrian opposition groups. NATO has installed anti-aircraft batteries in Turkey twice before, during the 1991 and 2003 Iraq wars. They were never used and were removed a few months later.
In Ankara, Turkey's government said in a statement that "in face of the threats and risks posed to our national security by the ongoing crisis in Syria ... it has been decided to formally request from NATO that our national air defense be reinforced with the support of allied air defense elements."
German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle said he had told the German ambassador to Turkey "to receive positively such a request." Westerwelle says "it would be a serious mistake if we were to refuse defensive support to a NATO member country in a moment when this member country feels that it is exposed to attacks from outside."
GA Tea Party shared a link.
November 17Earlier Friday, Maine Gov. Paul LePage (R) reiterated that his state wouldn't create an exchange. "We are not going to assist in implementation of this bill in its current form," LePage wrote Sebelius. "In the end, a state exchange puts the...See More
Wisconsin GOP Gov. Scott Walker Refuses To Set Up Obamacare Exchange
www.huffingtonpost.com
Wisconsin won't create a health insurance exchange, Gov. Scott Walker (R) announced Friday, making it the latest state to reject a key component of President Barack Obama's health care reform law. Wisconsin was one of the few remaining holdouts until Friday, the original deadline for states to decla...
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November 16Federal Judge rules against #ObamacareMandatedContraceptives on policies for violating Christian conscience & morals http://bit.ly/100Gh2f
Contraception ruling against the Obama Administration - GretaWire
bit.ly
Tune in tonight to ON THE RECORD at 10pm. A Federal Judge in DC — Judge Reggie Walton — ruled that a Christian publishing company does not have to offer [...]
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November 16Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty
Now @AmbassadorRice apologize to the American people for your conjecture: it is as bad as the politicized electoral fraud against @AllenWest
6:18 PM - 16 Nov 12 · Details
Keith Boykin @keithboykin
ICYMI: John McCain, who graduated fifth from the bottom of his class in college, thinks Susan Rice isn't very bright. http://www.bet.com/news/politics/2012/11/14/commentary-if-republicans-declare-war-on-susan-rice-they-ll-have-it.html?cid=facebook …
Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty
I think anyone @keithboykin especially you, isn't very bright defending the lie of @AmbassadorRice by disrespecting decorated @SenJohnMcCain
6:19 PM - 16 Nov 12 · Details
Insurance Lobbyist Pressuring MO GOP On Obamacare State Exchanges | The Dana Show
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Insurance Lobbyist Pressuring MO GOP On Obamacare State Exchanges by DanaNovember 15, 2012I received this letter from an adviser in Lt. Gov. Peter Kinder’s office, emphasis Smith’s:To: Missouri Senate Re: Affordable Care Act (ACA) options for Missouri From: David Smith, Director of Governmental Aff...
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GA Tea Party shared Aja Brooks's status.
November 16Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty
NO OBAMACARE IN GEORGIA~~.... NO OBAMACARE IN GEORGIA~~.... ://
(to the tune "Battle Hymn Of The Republic") get your own or pay for it.... !
5:46 PM - 16 Nov 12 · Details
2m Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty
LET THE CHOIR SING!!!
5:44 PM - 16 Nov 12 · Details
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GA Tea Party shared Aja Brooks's photo.
November 16AJA BROOKS1:27 AM - Public
TEXAS JUSTICE:
Not only did Governor Perry decline Obama's unconstitutional dregs to implement the unfunded-federally-mandated-Obamacare exchange yesterday, the Texas Legislature just returned the same punishme
nt the Patriot Act imposed unconstitutionally upon citizens onto the federal giants (did the year in jail myself to prove it, being held up to a year and being forced to plead guilty just to get out, after the Public Defender's Office fired my court appointed attorney for pleading me not guilty with the Judge asking why they'd held me 90 days without giving me a trial either) HB 149 turns that same punishment of up to a year in prison, $10,000 fine, and misdemeanor charge be levied on any federal employee who attempts within the Texas jurisdiction to enforce unconstitutional provisions of the NDAA, which has similar aberrations to the Patriot Act:
Thank you @TexGov#HB149 You reversed the #PatriotAct and turned the tables on them for #ConstitutionalInfringement http://usahitman.com/tnnbiccfa/
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November 16Like · · Share
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November 15Texas declares it first.... they go we go!
Gov. Rick Perry officially refuses to set up Texas health insurance exchange under Obamacare | Dalla
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AUSTIN — Texas Gov. Rick Perry officially notified the federal government on Thursday that the state will not set up an exchange to help people buy health insurance.
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GA Tea Party shared "Occupy This!"'s photo.
Sacrificed on the stump of Michelle Obama's failed diet regimen of hypocrisy... let me guess: she knows a butt exercise, but doesn't do them... (BADONKA DONK!)
Hobby Lobby Appeals Decision Forcing It to Obey HHS Mandate
by Steven Ertelt | Washington, DC | LifeNews.com | 11/21/12 12:49 PMNational
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The privately held retail chain with more than 500 arts and crafts stores in 41 states filed a lawsuit against the Obama administration over its HHS mandate. The company says it would face $1.3 million in fines on a daily basis starting in January if it fails to comply with the mandate, which requires religious employers to pay for or refer women for abortion-cause drugs that violate their conscience or religious beliefs.
The lawsuit was filed in the US District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma and U.S. District Judge Joe Heaton issued a ruling late Monday rejecting Hobby Lobby’s request to block the mandate. Judge Heaton said that the company doesn’t qualify for an exemption because it is not a church or religious group.
“Plaintiffs have not cited, and the court has not found, any case concluding that secular, for-profit corporations such as Hobby Lobby and Mardel have a constitutional right to the free exercise of religion,” the ruling said.Heaton wrote that “the court is not unsympathetic” to the company’s desire to not pay for abortion-causing drugs but he said the Obamacare law “results in concerns and issues not previously confronted by companies or their owners.”
Today, attorneys for Hobby Lobby informed LifeNews it has appealed to the federal 10th Circuit Court of Appeals seeking relief from the abortion pill mandate.
The brief reads in part: “[I]n less than six weeks, [the Green family] must either violate their faith by covering abortion-causing drugs, or be exposed to severe penalties—including fines of up to $1.3 million per day, annual penalties of about $26 million and exposure to private suits.”
“The district court accepted that the Green family engages in a religious exercise by refusing to cover abortion-causing drugs in their self-funded health plan. There was thus no question that the Green family engages in ‘religious exercise,’” it adds. “[T]he Supreme Court has long rejected any distinction between “direct” and “indirect” burdens in evaluating whether regulations infringe religious exercise.”
“Every American, including family business owners like the Greens, should be free to make a living without forfeiting their religious beliefs,” said Kyle Duncan, General Counsel for the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, which represents Hobby Lobby. “The Green family needs relief before Jan. 1, and so we have asked the federal appeals court in Denver to issue an injunction against the mandate.”
Duncan said the judge’s decision did not question that the Green family has sincere religious beliefs forbidding them from providing abortion-causing drugs. The court ruled, however, that those beliefs were only “indirectly” burdened by the mandate’s requirement that [Hobby Lobby] provide free coverage for specific, abortion-inducing drugs in [the company’s] self-funded insurance plan.
Duncan previously talked about what the Obama administration told the court:
The administration’s arguments in this case are shocking. Here’s what they are saying: once someone starts a “secular” business, he categorically loses any right to run that business in accordance with his conscience. The business owner simply leaves her First Amendment rights at home when she goes to work at the business she built. Kosher butchers around the country must be shocked to find that they now run “secular” businesses. On this view of the world, even a seller of Bibles is “secular.” Hobby Lobby’s affiliate, Mardel, sells Bibles and other Christian-themed material, but because it makes a profit the government has now declared it “secular.”
The administration’s position here — while astonishing — is actually consistent with its overall view of the place of religion in civil society. After all, this is the administration who argued in the Hosanna-Tabor case last year in the Supreme Court that the religion clauses of the First Amendment offered no special protection to a church’s right to choose its ministers — a position that the Court rejected 9-0. This is the administration which has taken to referring to “freedom of worship” instead of “freedom of religion” — suggesting that religious freedom consists in being free to engage in private rituals and prayers, but not in carrying your religious convictions into public life. And this is the administration who crafted a “religious employer” exemption to the HHS mandate so narrow that a Catholic charity does not qualify for conscience protection if it serves non-Catholic poor people.
As you point out, the administration is trying to justify its rigid stance against religious business owners by saying otherwise they would become a “law unto themselves,” and be able to do all sorts of nasty things to their employees — like force them to attend Bible studies, or fire them if they denied the divinity of Christ. Nonsense. Hobby Lobby isn’t arguing for the right to impose the Greens’ religion on employees, nor for the right to fire employees of different religions. There’s already a federal law that protects employees from religious discrimination and that’s a very good thing. This case is about something entirely different: it’s about stopping the government from coercing religious business owners. The government wants to fine the Greens if they do not violate their own faith by handing out free abortion drugs, and now it’s saying they don’t even have the right to complain in court about it
Duncan said the onerous provisions of the HHS mandate “will hit Hobby Lobby in about two months — on January 1, 2013. At that point, it will face the choice of dropping employee health insurance altogether (and paying about $26 million a year in penalties), or continuing its current plan (which will expose it to about $1.3 million in fines per day). So it is not hard to imagine why the Greens felt they had no choice but to go to court.”
There are now 40 separate lawsuits challenging the HHS mandate, which is a regulation under the Affordable Care Act (aka “Obamacare”). The Becket Fund led the charge against the unconstitutional HHS mandate, and along with Hobby Lobby represents: Wheaton College, East Texas Baptist University, Houston Baptist University, Belmont Abbey College, Colorado Christian University, the Eternal Word Television Network, and Ave Maria University.
CLICK LIKE IF YOU’RE PRO-LIFE!
Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty
You should fund #condoms #spermicide and promote #abstinence@BarackObama that works and is not dangerous to the body or the child
#Obamacare is very stupid: it opens up #FedGovt to lawsuits over#PlanB and cancer-causing #BirthControl @BarackObama
We, as taxpayers, are not going to fund cancer-causing birth control pills @BarackObama or Plan B for woman to bleed to death for#Obamacare
#JudgeJoeHeaton @BarackObama can stay out of my wallet to fund unsafe and lethal forms of birth control/contraception that causes bleeding
I guess since #JudgeJoeHeaton is a MAN he's only concerned about his rights: not a woman's or child's -- best to prevent fertilization first
#JudgeJoeHeaton should know #Obamacare not only violates#Constitution but women can bleed to death/lose a child due to#IntrauterineDevices
4:25 PM - 20 Nov 12 · Details
LEGALIZATION EFFORTS CONTINUE, AS SEVERAL STATES PASS REFERENDUM TO LEGALIZE MARIJUANA:
Aja Brooks shared a link.
LEGALIZE WHAT GOD ALREADY MADEFurther proof marijuana has medicinal benefits, besides poultices and other applications...http://psychcentral.com/news/2012/06/07/marijuana-compound-may-beat-antipsychotics-at-treating-schizophrenia/39803.html — with Scott Owen and 13 others.
» Marijuana Compound May Beat Antipsychotics at Treating Schizophrenia - Psych Central News
psychcentral.com
A certain marijuana compound known as cannabidiol (CBD) can treat schizophrenia as well as antipsychotic drugs, with far fewer side effects, according to a
HOLIDAY SHOPPING:
MOST PEOPLE KNOWING THE ECONOMY HAS BEEN SO HARD, STARTED HOLIDAY SHOPPING IN MID-OCTOBER THIS YEAR, ONE OF MY FAVORITE THINGS TO DO. ALSO THANKSGIVING BOOM TIME WAS EXTENDED TO INCLUDE AN ENTIRE WEEK OF SHOPPING, MOST RETAILERS EXTENDING BLACK FRIDAY DEALS TO THE TUESDAY BEFORE BLACK FRIDAY, OPENING EARLY ON THURSDAY FOR GRAY THURSDAY, AND EXTENDING SHOPPING DEALS ALL THE WAY UNTIL CYBER MONDAY.
THE JOB MARKET HAS NOT RECOVERED STRONG ENOUGH FOR ANY OF OBAMA’S POLICIES TO BE A SUCCESS, SO CONSIDER YOUR FINANCIAL OUTLOOK IN THE VIEW OF THE ENTIRETY OF EVENTS GOING ON IN THE WORLD RIGHT NOW, AND THEN PLAN ACCORDINGLY....
ON NATIONAL SECURITY:
-CEASEFIRE THAT DID NOT HOLD IN SYRIA EXPIRED 11/14/12
-AHMADINEJAD HAS UNTIL 11/20/12 TO ACCEPT A BROKERED PEACE AGREEMENT, FOR THE PERIOD OF ONE YEAR BY SIGNING THE SECURITY AGREEMENT FOR NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY, GRACE PERIOD IS UNTIL 11/24/12 WITH AN EXTENSION TO NEXT MONTH ON INSPECTIONS
-UN IS WANTING TO STRENGTHEN A RESOLUTION ON A TRANSITION IN SYRIA AND NATO TO ARM TURKEY WITH PATRIOT MISSILES
= ALL OF THESE THINGS DO NOT EQUAL PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST FOR CERTAIN, BECAUSE ASSAD WILL NOT STOP FIRING ON HIS PEOPLE AND VIOLATED THE CEASEFIRE, AHMADINEJAD’S RELUCTANCE TO SIGN THE AGREEMENT AND PICTURES OF A CLANDESTINE ENRICHMENT SITE HAVE CAUSED ISRAEL TO SAY THAT THEY WILL ACT ALONE, AND UN PRESSURE RATHER THAN AN ASSAD CONCESSION TO LET HIS PEOPLE RUN THEIR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND HE LEAVE THEM ALONE....
IS NOT MATERIALIZING.
BECAUSE OF INFLATION, NOT CONCLUDING MIDDLE EAST CONFLICT, AND AL QAEDA SPROUTING UP AGAIN TO TAKE SYRIA FOR ITS NEW HEADQUARTERS MEANS THAT YOU SHOULD STOCKPILE FOOD, WATER, MEDICINES, AND ANYTHING YOU ROUTINELY BUY TO AVOID PAYING HIGHER PRICES AND TAX INCREASES AND BUDGET CUTS COME JANUARY.
SERIOUSLY THINK ABOUT DOING THIS OVER THE NEXT 45 DAYS OR SO.
ON THE BUDGET: WHEN THE BUSH TAX CUTS EXPIRE 1/1/13:
CONGRESS WILL HAVE TO FIND $600 BILLION TO FUND THE 2013 BUDGET.
MONTHLY AUDITS ARE BEING REPORTED FOR THE 6 MONTH CONTINUING RESOLUTION THAT PASSED. TAX REFORM MUST OCCUR, SO THAT REVENUE IS NOT LOST FROM NEW JOBS BEING CREATED. THIS MEANS THAT WE WILL NEED TO DO SEVERAL THINGS:
1) PASS THE FARM BILL FROM THE MONEY THAT WAS GOING TO BE USED ON EDUCATION.
2) DO POSTAL REFORM -- CLOSE CERTAIN LOCATIONS, CHANGE DELIVERY HOURS, POSTAL PENSION REFORM, AND GO TO “GREEN REFORMS” TO SAVE TAX DOLLARS AND BE ENVIRONMENTALLY CONSCIOUS.
3) PATENTS MAY FACE SOME CUTS.
4) THE JUDICIARY MAY FACE ANOTHER $50 BILLION IN CUTS, ALONG WITH STATE REFORMS TO POLICE DEPARTMENTS, IN ORDER TO “GO GREEN” AND REDUCE RELIANCE ON FEDERAL FUNDS.
5) A RESTRICTION ON TRAVEL FOR GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL TO DOMESTIC ONLY, AND RE-EXAMINE ENTITLEMENTS AND BEGIN I.R.S. AUDITS TO THOSE ENDS.
6) THE SENATE START PASSING JOB CREATION LEGISLATION AFTER ENDING
CONTINUE TO PLAN AHEAD TO NEXT YEAR BY BUILDING UP FOOD SUPPLIES AND RESTORE YOUR CREDIT AND SAVE YOUR MONEY:
RickLeventhalFoxNews @RickLeventhal
RickLeventhalFoxNews @RickLeventhal
PAY OFF AND SETTLE YOUR DEBTS WHILE THE DOLLAR IS ONLY WORTH $.33 AND SETTLE WITH YOUR CREDITORS FOR NO MORE THAN THE ORIGINAL LIMIT OF YOUR CREDIT CARDS.
| CIRCULATION: 125,000+ through Facebook groups, and a blog viewership has doubled: average 1,000 views to one blog, and 2,500 to the other blog, “The Synthesis” is now printed in Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian since the inception of the Arab Spring and creation of the Global Counterterrorism Council. UPDATED 3/14/2012 SUBSCRIBERS THROUGH FACEBOOK GROUPS AND CONTRIBUTORS: FACEBOOK GROUP NAMES: MEMBERSHIP ROLL: ACCROP WATCH 1,071 IT’S AJA 110 UAF 154 GOVERNMENT BYTES 115 CONSTITUTION PARTY GREEN BAY WISCONSIN 329 SUPPORTERS OF THE BONNIE AND BLUE FLAG 153 PATRIOTIC DEFENDERS OF THE CONSTITUTION 1,122 PATRIOTIC REVOLUTIONISTS 1,216 PATRIOTIC CONCERNS 1,693 GEORGIANS FOR CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT 1,228 2012 ANTI-DEFICIT PURPLE AGENDA 244 THE GEORGIA GANG 1,376 CLAYTON COUNTY TEA PARTY 15 FAYETTE COUNTY TEA PARTY 6 HENRY COUNTY TEA PARTY 30 JONES COUNTY TEA PARTY 3 SPALDING COUNTY TEA PARTY 16 PATRIOT ACTION NETWORK 4,186 SYNTHESIS LEGISLATIVE WORK GROUP 296 WOMEN’S ONLINE TEA PARTY 99 ANTI-SECRET SOCIETY 658 CITIZEN DEFENSE COALITION 2,996 CONSERVATIVE VOTER COALITION 5,167 CHIMPY’S REAL AMERICAN 2,236 JAMES GROUP OF ACTIVISTS 116 POLITICAL FRIENDS 61 REFOUNDING AMERICA 2384 SYNTHESIS ARCHIVES 299 TEA PARTY CONSORTIUM 60 US GOVT. AGENCIES-THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH 66 UNIFIED 20 WE WANT A PUBLIC INVESTIGATION INTO CLIMATE 344 WIKILEAKS 55 UNIFIED MILITIA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK 1,670 USMC 10,647 CONSERVATIVE WOMEN, CONSERVATIVE VALUES 264 THE DOCTORS 57,141 SUPPORT CHRIS DROTLEFF 3,698 PROTEST THE ANTI-AMERICAN 1 MILLION MUSLIMS MARCH 153 E-BUSINESS POLAND 458 FALCONIST PARTY 9,443 AFRICAN/LATIN/ASIAN/NATIVE/WHITE,ETC. AGAINST OBAMA 56 RRA INC. 241 REPEMU INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT GROUP 148 LET’S GET HEALTHY 1,462 STAND UP AND SPEAK OUT 291 CONSERVATIVE VOTER COALITION 5,167 WE THE CONSERVATIVE VOTERS OF AMERICA 2,895 |
SUPPLEMENTAL READING:
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Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty
Tea Party Chief @2012_TeaParty
Free access to "The Synthesis" archives: 2009-2012 Tea Party newsletters, literature, discussions, and articles
6:49 AM - 15 Aug 12 via web · Details
