Saturday, November 26, 2011

11-26-2011 EDITION: NOMINEES GET THEIR REPORT CARD, WHO’S THIS YEAR’S TURKEY, NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE MONTH REACHES THE CLIMAX, HOW GEORGIA CELEBRATES BLACK FRIDAY....


" THE SYNTHESIS "  11-26-2011 EDITION: NOMINEES GET THEIR REPORT CARD, WHO’S THIS YEAR’S TURKEY, NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE MONTH REACHES THE CLIMAX, HOW GEORGIA CELEBRATES BLACK FRIDAY....

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kzUO3DImTWtyUCY8_ij0uZfyzd676hy2ZjUyhlcWnIo/edit?hl=en_US
HERE IS A BRIEF REVIEW:
governpoint governpoint
Nobody Comes Out Looking Good in Solyndra Mess: bit.ly/vVTMB2
Retweeted by 2011teaparty
JohnCornyn JohnCornyn
Sen. Bob Corker: Reforming Fannie and Freddie long overduefb.me/197YdqfEH
Retweeted by 2011teaparty
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@Support my account was just hacked, the links turned purple when they were orange. I changed my password, and it went away.
19 hours ago HAIR FOR THE HOLIDAYS...
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@TheDoctors nice Mohawk, hot, and the day after Thanksgiving, no less!
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@justinbieber went to JCPenney's/wanted to smell Someday out of the bottle: smells even better than the magazine and love the Hair Splash!!!

PACKERS 11-02011teaparty Tea Party Chief
What do I want for Christmas? A #12 Rogers Packers Jersey !!!!

Native Americans against Obama: Are Native Americans fed up with Obama's lies?

ARE YOU......

AND WHAT HAS OBAMA DONE?



SO WHY HASN’T HE???foxnation Fox Nation

Relationship Between Boehner and Obama Nosedives bit.ly/udpAse
Retweeted by 2011teaparty
»
foxnation Fox Nation
Senate Dem Seeks Investigation of Obama's No-Bid Contract for Vaccine bit.ly/tGr2Zr
Retweeted by 2011teaparty
PEOPLE: OBAMA IS NOT JESUS, SO JUST BECAUSE 2 PEOPLE VOTED FOR HIM DOESN’T MEAN OBAMA IS THERE FOR YOU, HE IS NOT GOD !!!!11AliveNews 11Alive News

GAINESVILLE: Controled deer hunt underway dlvr.it/xjJRy
Retweeted by 2011teaparty
foxnation Fox Nation
The Anti-Obama Merchandise Boom bit.ly/u6buFM
Retweeted by 2011teaparty
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
Our prayers are for the people of Egypt: who should use this time to write down the government that they want with a pen first.
cnnbrk CNN Breaking News
Pregnant woman kidnapped in Cairo, husband sayson.cnn.com/teMQI5
Retweeted by 2011teaparty
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
Dear Lord: I need the strength to write 3yrs. of budgets and several pieces of legislation.... there is none like You.
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
Unless you are a diehard follower of Paul, stop being led by the bit like a horse with the media as your feedbag:teapartychief.blogspot.com
11 hours ago 2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
Unless you are a diehard follower of Paul, stop being led by the bit like a horse with the media as your feedbag: ga-teapartychief.blogspot.com
11 hours ago 2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
Unless you are a diehard follower of Paul, stop being led by the bit like a horse with the media as your feedbag:chiefbrooks.blogspot.com
11 hours ago 2011teaparty Tea Party Chief  
@brady_cremeens yeah liberally stupid, and fuck Obama: Conservatism works for a reason, Obamanomics doesn't work 25-30 million unemployed.
12 hours ago 2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@jjauthor We return today and every day.... not just when Obama leaves, but NOW !!!
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@BarackObama for the government to think that it can profit off abortion when only adult stem cells succeed, is medical fraud treatment
18 hours ago 2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@BarackObama instead of abortion-you should offer humane sterilization: we don't want innocents fed to carcass mill or starving black people


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-- ENJOY OUR TEA PARTY JOURNALS
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NOW: http://www.youtube.com/user/The2011Phoenix


Speaking of broken promises....

NO, NO, AND HELL NO TO HERMAN CAIN:

by Aja Brooks on Wednesday, November 16, 2011 at 11:58am
HERMAN CAIN MUST THINK I'M STUPID:


This is all I have to say about Herman Cain:

I do not want him as my next President, and how I feel about him lying to everyone on CSPAN: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FygVTPNiKcE


For you to say that Herman Cain is a Conservative is a total lie: Herman Cain is a Republicanized Obama, the 9-9-9 pays for the misappropriation of Obama: in now way, ever, would ANY FISCAL CONSERVATIVE TELL THE AMERICAN PEOPLE THAT THEY HAD TO PAY FOR $15 TRILLION OF OBAMA'S MISAPPROPRIATION. 9-9-9 hurts the church/poor and small business, because you are paying 27% flat tax, no deductions given for donations, and instead of the 3-4% for food, that is now 9% taxes on everything bought or sold, not just sales tax of 7%. We can not do 9-9-9 without a Balanced Budget or zero based budgeting, or it will kill the economy by finishing it off. If you look at your monthly budget, you will see that 9-9-9 gobbles up the spending money of what is left after paying monthly bills.

The rich get richer under 9-9-9, because corporate taxes are reduced to 27% instead of 35%. Think these fat cat corporations are going to hire?! HELL NO: they will pocket the 8% as revenue to make up for all the money they've lost in the past 10yrs. of war. Another thing: if you do away with the IRS, there is no one to hold them accountable for fraud. Why do you think Herman Cain's donations went up when he pitched 9-9-9, after abandoning his original stance on being against a National Sales Tax, that is a 2 edged Value Added Tax.... at least a Value Added Tax would target those over $100,000 a year, those who can afford to buy luxury items.


That is why 9-9-9 is so bad: it forces the middle class to pay for Obama's misappropriation wherein Obama has not charged corporations for lobbying fraud (Fannie/Freddie, Solyndra, others) and the middle class is stuck paying for the tab to pay the debts caused by lack of entitlement reform where the Obama Admin. passed out food stamps, unemployment, and welfare like it was candy!! Along with the bailouts/stimulus, the government is not enforcing the laws it has created, and Cain is using 9-9-9 to finance government after Obama's misappropriation.

Cain has changed since he started campaigning, the attention got to his head: he abandoned fair/flat tax proposals for the 9-9-9 which benefits corporations and received money from corporate donors. Cain also used lobbying in his younger days to try and get laid, and alcohol is obviously the key factor because he drank and partied working for the National Restaurant Association, and that got him in so much trouble there was a payout. The problem is Cain lied about the payout, and Cain became a sucker politician like the rest with this 9-9-9 b.s. !!!

No, No, and Hell No to Herman Cain!!

Like ·  · Unfollow Post · Share · Delete
    • Angela Bean · 3 mutual friends
    • Aja, the amount of misinformation and lack of understanding of 9-9-9 that you have put in this posting is so overwhelming that I don't know where to begin. Also, as a Reagan conservative I am offended by the vitriolic rhetoric that you have expressed against Herman Cain. Conservatives need to stick to civil discussions of the issues rather than the tearing down a person's character. We have come to expect this kind of language from the far left liberals, but we should be better than that. I have known and respected Herman Cain for almost 10 years and your description of him is certainly not the man I know. He doesn't deserve this kind of character assassination.
    • November 16 at 12:58pm · Like ·  2
    • Jamie Beck I don't know everything about cain but all th bad things around him I wouldn't vote for him I am Ron Paul all the wa!
    • November 16 at 1:37pm · Like
    • Aja Brooks Hey Angela Bean the fact you came to the note without any facts to back up 9-9-9 actually working shows how little you know about it, and how misled you are. Try commenting on another post, and exit my page.
    • November 16 at 1:41pm · Like
    • McGuffee Cathey · 25 mutual friends
    • HERMAN CAIN ASKED HENRY KISSINGER TO BE HIS SECRETARY OF STATE
    • http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/herman-cain-asked-henry-kissinger-secretary-state-205636819.html
    • November 16 at 9:02pm · Like
    • McGuffee Cathey · 25 mutual friends
    • ‎"Monetary and political sovereignty are intertwined. Monetary sovereignty means the citizens, through their government, control their currency. But the private Federal Reserve controls our currency and suffocates our freedom. The fraudulent national debt to them is the primary cause of our nation's meltdown."
    • "I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies. Already they have raised up a moneyed aristocracy that has set the government at defiance. The issuing power (of money) should be taken away from the banks and restored to the people to whom it properly belongs."
    • - Thomas Jefferson
    • "Herman Cain is the former Deputy Chairman of the Federal Reserve's Kansas City banking crime syndicate, and doesn't think those RICO operations should be audited, much less banned. How could anyone in their right mind vote for this nation-destroyer?"
    • "Federal Reserve capo Cain's 999 taxes would be paid directly to his banking crime syndicate's bosses for their worthless "loans" and our resulting bogus national debt. ANY politician who advocates ANY taxes, in light of our nation's sovereign ability to issue debt-free and tax-free currency to pay federal expenses, perpetuates massive monetary fraud and destruction on the people."
    • http://elect.ErnestHuberForCongress.com/
    • November 16 at 9:03pm · Unlike ·  1


TEA PARTY REPORT CARD
FOR NOMINEES AND PRIMARY VOTERS:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ryHPAxovXjoqIWqldKd2-siz-vUrLYY4BQ7P0I003R4/edit?hl=en_US
When you are picking a nominee in primary voting, it is not a popularity contest.
Nominees are rigorously scrutinized during the selection process for their integrity and adherence to Conservative values and principles.
The nominees will be graded on a point system:
A = 5pts.     highest, all A’s = 30pts.
B = 4pts.     all B’s = 24 pts.
C = 3pts.     all C’s = 18 pts.
D = 2pts.     all D’s = 12 pts.
F = 0


on the 6 following areas... then an overall grade
Presentation/Debate Performance, Foreign Policy, Tax Policy, Job Creation/Monetary Policy, Individual Platform/Stance, Integrity, Overall Grade
So far we have these 2012 ballot issues, of voter importance:
A) economy B) health care/future C) security
Legend:
RED - GOP policy PURPLE - Tea Party policy BLUE - Democrat/Stupidcrat/Kleptocrat policy
ORANGE - LIBERTARIAN LOCO
RED AND BLACK - OLD HAT GOP
_A__The Perry Platform: http://www.rickperry.org/uproot-and-overhaul-washington-html/
A) negating federal regulations/reduction of government to create jobs
B) reform Social Security, return Medicaid reform to states, defunding Obamacare
C) accountable border control policy where the federal government does its job
_C__Presentation/Debate Performance - has great ideas, but won only 1 debate title
_B__Foreign Policy - needs comprehensive immigration reform/legalization initiatives
_A__Tax Policy - 20-20-0 -- simplified returns http://www.rickperry.org/content/uploads/2011/10/sample-tax-return.pdf
_A__JobCreation/Monetary Policy - 10th Amendment/reducing size of govt./fiscal Conservative
http://www.rickperry.org/content/uploads/2011/10/Cut-Balance-and-Grow-Summary.pdf
_A__Integrity - has the Conservative Record not Rhetoric; he stands by his word
_AAA/B/C__TOTAL VOTE OF CONFIDENCE BY GRADE/BY POINT SYSTEM ___27_____



_D__The Cain Platform: http://www.hermancain.com/
A) the 9-9-9 base budget plan -financing mechanism to fund Obama’s misappropriation
B) repeal Obamacare, by tweaking Social Security, tweaking Medicaid and reforming Medicare
C) we will not permit our soil to be used as an operating base or financing mechanism for the Taliban
_C__Presentation/Debate Performance - we have been 9-9-9’d to death
_D__Foreign Policy - doesn’t understand Iran, couldn’t answer questions decisively/interviews
_F__Tax Policy - 9-9-9, 27% FLAT TAX FOR ALL which sucks for small business owners, hurts the church; originally Cain was against the National Sales Tax, a super V.A.T. on steroids!!
_D__Job Creation/Monetary Policy - 9-9-9 opp. zones/it’s not a one thing fits all approach to jobs!
_D__Integrity - has questionable ethics in personal dealings/lobbying donations
http://t.co/3FNmJwT
_DDDD/F/C__TOTAL VOTE OF CONFIDENCE BY GRADE/BY POINT SYSTEM ___11_____0 Income Tax 0 Wars 0 Federal Reserve
_C__The Paul Platform:http://www.ronpaul2012.com/
A) government must return to the four umbrellas of original design
B) government must get out of health care; that is left up to the individual and funding to the states
C) immediate troop withdrawal/funding for all conflict goes through Congress, no a bilateral Executive-Military decision
_B__Presentation/Debate Performance - interviews are better than debates
_F__Foreign Policy - sticking our head in the sand until American regains greatness/Anwar issue
_F__Tax Policy - the 0-0-0 plan is a catchy disease for anarchy - no INCOME taxes, death taxes
_C__Job Creation/Monetary Policy - the idea of Auditing as opposed to ending the Federal Reserve http://www.ronpaul2012.com/the-issues/end-the-fed/
_B__Integrity - has great ideas on health care reform, possesses work ethic & accomplishments
_BB/CC/FF___TOTAL VOTE OF CONFIDENCE BY GRADE/BY POINT SYSTEM ___14_____

_C__The Bachmann Platform:http://www.michelebachmann.com/
A) wants a Balanced Budget Amendment to remove uncertainty, (vote is scheduled on that for the end of this year)
B) repeal Obamacare as it has destroyed jobs and created uncertainty about taxation
C) eradicate the Obama ideology that makes us vulnerable to attack
_C__Presentation/Debate Performance - gets animated, needs to be succinct and confident
_B__Foreign Policy - good solid foreign policy that needs fine tuning
_D__Tax Policy - Bachmann has been criticized for using food stamps/writeoffs loophole Queen
_D__Job Creation/Monetary Policy - agrees that government is the problem, but it’s more rhetoric than a plan of action http://www.michelebachmann.com/issues/americanjobsrightnow/
_C__Integrity - says she wrote the repeal bill for Obamacare, when I composed the bill, not her:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jK6-kGCB_Dbb5K98YSS9o9kSNBwLJsSb7XQ5GQSvTks/edit?authkey=CIS_je8I&hl=en_US&authkey=CIS_je
_CCC/DD/B__TOTAL VOTE OF CONFIDENCE BY GRADE/BY POINT SYSTEM ___17_____

_B__The Santorum Platform: http://www.ricksantorum.com/
A) sees job creation as an integral societal problem
B) repeal Obamacare
C) feels that Obama’s corruption has eroded the social and moral fabric of America, which must be replaced with different leadership
_B__Presentation/Debate Performance - in the race since the beginning/performed well
_C__Foreign Policy - he would continue miring us in conflict without wise counsel
_B__Tax Policy - defends taxpayers - http://www.ricksantorum.com/defender-taxpayer
_A__Job Creation/Monetary Policy - supports the BBA
_A__Integrity - this man walks out his values, doesn’t use Conservative as an adjective
_BBB/AA/C__TOTAL VOTE OF CONFIDENCE BY GRADE/BY POINT SYSTEM ___25_____

_B__The Palin Platform:
A) sees job creation through reduction of government spending and paying down the deficit/restoring America’s credit rating and integrity financially
B) strike through Obamacare funding - declare it null and void, according to court rulings, and work on substantive health reform
C) taking back our country, through grassroots initiatives will secure our country without bell and whistles of massive federal funding of security initiatives
_F__Presentation/Debate Performance - she backed away from the race/write-in candidate
_C__Foreign Policy - overcharged emotionally
_B__Tax Policy - Alaska record
_B__Job Creation/Monetary Policy - Alaska record
_B__Integrity - doesn’t mince words/won’t lie to you
_BBBB/C/F___TOTAL VOTE OF CONFIDENCE BY GRADE/BY POINT SYSTEM ___19____

***********DO NOT VOTE BELOW THIS LINE*********************

_C__The Newt Platform: Newt is Old Hat GOP http://www.newt.org/meet-newt
A) systematic Reagan-style job creation plan
B) systematic repeal and reform of health care
C) will be more actively engaged with military expenses
_B__Presentation/Debate Performance - while Newt has good presence/candid, his platform has not been conveyed
_B__Foreign Policy - solid but too quick to get angry or act on his own
_A__Tax Policy - stick with the current code or opt for the 15% flat tax http://www.newt.org/solutions/jobs-economy
_C_Job Creation/Monetary Policy - Reagan monetary policy to fix inflation/doesn’t address damage done
_F__Integrity - multiple marriages, shuffles money, does what’s politically convenient to make $ took close to $2 million from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in consulting fees http://bit.ly/s28lPB
__CC/F/A/BB__TOTAL VOTE OF CONFIDENCE BY GRADE/BY POINT SYSTEM ___19______c__The Obamoney Platform: http://www.mittromney.com/
A) doesn’t see job creation except as a tax-related issue/out-of-touch
B) *offers Obamacare waivers, which doesn’t go far enough in defunding unconstitutional and corrupt legislation originally designed to function as a funnel program for Thomson prison
C) relies on military rather than militia for advice for the future of national security
_C__Presentation/Debate Performance - you don’t grad shoulders in a debate/talks in 3rd person
_C__Foreign Policy - Lincolnish style http://www.mittromney.com/issues/foreign-policy
_C__Tax Policy - TAX REFORM/CAN HE DO IT??
_C__Job Creation/Monetary Policy - great ideas, not detailed enough http://www.mittromney.com/blogs/mitts-view/2011/09/believe-america-day-one-job-one
_F_Integrity - “I’m a Mormon” advertising campaign, like Newt with a Mormon twist
_CCCCC/F___TOTAL VOTE OF CONFIDENCE BY GRADE/BY POINT SYSTEM ___15_______D__The Huntsman Platform:http://www.jon2012.com/
A) thinks Obama’s policies have killed jobs - yet has no clear strategy
B) has a different idea than Obamacare on health care reform, but it’s not Obamacare
C) doesn’t hold a staunch debate posture on security, just feels it is an arm of government instead of an integral part
_C__Presentation/Debate Performance - Huntsman placates/brown noser
_F__Foreign Policy - made his living being Ambassador to China http://www.jon2012.com/index.php/issues/national-security
_D_Tax Policy - 4pt. Reform Policy, less talking more doing, doesn’t show action
_D_Job Creation/Monetary Policy - thinks reform creates jobs
_D__Integrity - tries to sell the white peoples’ dream, through Mormonism
_DDDD/F/C___TOTAL VOTE OF CONFIDENCE BY GRADE/BY POINT SYSTEM ___11_____

Obamoney and Huntsman can’t win the GOP nomination: their platforms reflect the same ideas and approaches of Moderate Democrats. I would comment further on the Democrats’ platforms, but I have seen no debate or appeals to the public. It is as if they have already lost the 2012 election and have no fresh ideas on how to fix our nation’s problems.

Democrats have resigned to spin the wheels of Obama’s bus in the rut of economic hell. Obama doesn’t even have a platform!!

His “economic plan” is a dirty trick bag of stimulus.

Though not as large as the super bank bailouts, where the bank has held onto $1 trillion of taxpayer money without loaning or fixing their “MORTGAGE-CRISES-BANKER-SPURNED GAMBLING ADDICTION”, they have arrested Geithner and Bernanke’s ability to do anything to thwart a second market collapse. This is good for the stock market, but bad for Main Street. Not that anyone wanted the Geithner-Bernanke New World Order style banking system, when global markets have weighed heavily on top of our $14.5 trillion dollar growing deficit.
The Obama-Biden debt financing to China can’t continue; as China will not allow us to do so, as their market is strained by our lack of recovery.

The only thing Obama proposes is a cosmetic approach before the 2012 election:
MINI STIMULUS #1,#2,#3

#1 UNFUNDED unemployment checks/unemployment insurance extensions
#2 UNFUNDED infrastructure, which should be left up to states applying for grants
#3 UNFUNDED tax cuts for businesses to create jobs

= $1.5 trillion of UNFUNDED GOVERNMENT SPENDING interest included

WITH SUCKER BONUS - some people will be eligible to temporarily receive Social Security that are capable of working at least a part-time job
All the while Obama is facing impeachment over his lack of citizenry on 9-14 with the Hawaii Department of Health summoned to court to answer to the court as to why they could not produce ANY birth certificate on 8-8, when it took three years to get a court ordered subpoena in response to numerous lawsuits filed and corresponding FBI investigations, regarding pending corruption and and criminal fraud charges.

I have heard Harry Reid speak twice on CSPAN since the “DEBT CEILING DEBACLE”, and he blames the Republicans and the Tea Party for what he calls “NO IDEAS” presented by his party: he cites “their obstructionism” and “they’re holding the American economy hostage”, and these are the only things that they can contribute on their part.

Yeah, I guess when Democrats only present more spending as “the Holy Grail” to job growth and economic restoration when there is no gold to back it, Democrats really only do the best job projecting the problems that they created onto the other parties by further obstructing and holding the economy hostage to their fiscal insanity.

I have not seen any different ideas Democrats have other than UNFUNDED GOVERNMENT SPENDING. When you don’t have the money, and spend it anyway, it is called STEALING. This is why I will refer to Democrats as Kleptocrats and Stupidcrats from now until 2012.

The leadership of the Democratic Party displays no palatable nominees for the Presidency with UNFUNDED GOVERNMENT SPENDING AS THEIR PLATFORM.

Their party has catered to 20% of voter base and alienated the majority of taxpayers, 65% of the emerging majority is attuned with the GOP and Tea Party.

Why taxpayers feel that the Democrats’ approach has not worked:
nearly half of the voter base that is not Republican or Tea Party have not paid in taxes regularly for the past 15-20 yrs., and
Obama’s “CONSTITUENTS” have increasingly demanded more w/o paying taxes:
1) food stamps
2) Medicaid/Medicare
3) cell phones
4) housing loans based on racial privilege without income or intelligence quotient
5) education funding, rather than earned scholarships for talent or scholastic achievement

When $.42 of the dollar goes to defense, you can’t have $.50 leveraged in public debt in the form of UNFUNDED GOVERNMENT SPENDING.

Obama borrowed nearly $9 trillion against gold to fund his 2010 budget and the 2011 budget that he never wrote, by expanding UNFUNDED GOVERNMENT SPENDING in the form of social programs and unemployment without job creation or revenue from cuts or reforms.

Obama has levied the debt of 20% of constituents on the back of 65% of taxpayers, to the point taxpayers are losing jobs from economic slowdown and causing those who would not be on food stamps to join the roll, adding to the burden.

Instead of attacking poverty, as was his pledge state-by-state, he has IMPOVERISHED the entire nation, trying to spend his way out of poverty, rather than working America out of it by jobs, revenues, and cuts.

America could never afford or wanted Obama’s agenda in 2008; Obama lied about it all, and his supporters see now that they were duped as well. We now see if for what it really is: a grand scheme of theft, LIKE GRAND THEFT LOTTO: where you pay in a little and cash in on the money you never had to earn or have to pay back.

Yesterday, 11/18/11 the BBA failed to pass with a ⅔ Majority. Congress has only agreed to enough cuts and budgeting to operate until 12/16/11.
WE HAVE HAD NO BUDGET AGREED TO IN 3 YEARS, AND SINCE 2006, AND RAISING THE DEBT CEILING TWICE, WE HAVE ACCRUED $10 TRILLION IN NEW DEBT, AT A RATE OF $1.7+ TRILLION IN INTEREST ON THE DEFICIT, AT A RATE THAT EXPANDS EVERY 5-6 MONTHS, WE PAY THAT AMOUNT OF INTEREST $1.7 TRILLION. WE ALSO HIT $15 TRILLION THE OTHER DAY, AND WE CAN’T WAIT UNTIL WE GET THE NEXT PRESIDENT TO FIX THESE PROBLEMS!!!!
BOTTOM LINE, IT IS PISS POOR LEADERSHIP !!!
THIS IS OUT OF CONTROL; CONGRESS SHOULD BE JAILED FOR FRAUD AND MISAPPROPRIATION FOR UNETHICAL CONDUCT FOR FAILING TO HOLD OBAMA ACCOUNTABLE TO THE OATH OF OFFICE FOR 2008 ELECTION FRAUD AND GROSS MISAPPROPRIATION BY IMPEACHMENT, CRIMINAL TRIAL, AND IMPOSITION OF FINES.

(SO IF I HAD TO PICK WHO’S TURKEY THIS YEAR, IT WOULD DEFINITELY BE OBAMONEY!! GOBBLE GOBBLE, AND THAT IS BECAUSE HE HAS BEEN PURE MEDIA HYPE... “ELECT ME.... IT WILL COME.” I FEEL LIKE I’M IN A FIELD OF DREAMS MOVIE, BUT FOR POLITICAL CANDIDATES!! HA! YEAH RIGHT~~~!)
Aja Brooks
Black people: wake up, we have a country to save, and it will take all of us to restore what the years of the locust have done to finances.
Herb Rash likes this.
Aja Brooks
I'm not complaining on Thanksgiving, Lord knows I'd not be alive if it wasn't for His strength. We must turn to Him for provisions/solutions
Neal Mccorkle likes this.
Aja Brooks
It was bad enough to keep watch on the world nonstop for 3yrs., lose years of sleep at night over 9/11, and now the debt weighs on us all.
RECENT ACTIVITY
Aja and Pamela Engle Ramos are now friends.
· Like ·
Aja Brooks
Since 2006, a Democrat controlled Congress goes from $6 trillion in debt to $15 trillion in debt, 3yrs. no approved budget and bank fraud.
Neal Mccorkle likes this.
Aja Brooks
Other signs: his fundraiser gets 10yrs.-Holder being asked to resign for giving cartels guns for drug money for Democratic political machine
Neal Mccorkle likes this.
Aja Brooks
The godlessness of our times, to even put a pro-abortion former homosexual murderer in Office w/o removal for election fraud is a sign.
Neal Mccorkle likes this.
Aja Brooks
The ridiculousness of #OWS, people worshiping Ron Paul as if he is God, being blown about in the wind, I step back and say: buy pepper spray
Herb Rash likes this.
Herb Rash Shotgun shells and can goods.
8 hours ago · Unlike ·  1
Aja Brooks My brother said to me when we saw him over the summer when I said the government may shutdown over default: "Yep... and I'll be sitting right here, on my front porch with my shotgun when it all goes to hell and make my last stand." How 'don't tread on me' is that?!
8 hours ago · Like ·  1
Herb Rash OOHRAH!
8 hours ago · Unlike ·  1
Neal Mccorkle i am going to reply but i am going to try to remember where I am...no one worships Ron Paul, he is just the only one in the race who really stands up for what we need.
8 hours ago · Like
Aja Brooks What about people supporting Obamoney just because he is Mormon? Is that not worshiping a man and not God?????
8 hours ago · Like
Neal Mccorkle no...who you are supporting, regardless of cause, does not necessarily mean you worship that person. Personally, I reject the mormon religion but I would still find being a mormon a plus if there are not stuff against them, like with Romney it being his history of flipflopping.
7 hours ago · Like
Aja Brooks Really..... I bet if I said Obama, you would agree black people, gay people, and liberals worshiped him..... how is it any different???
7 hours ago · Like
Neal Mccorkle I wouldn't say they worshipped him....many blacks worshiped the idea of having a black person in the White House and all the groups you mentioned put their hearts on him single handedly meeting all of their needs. I don't view that as worship but the result of being sorely brainwashed
7 hours ago · Like
Aja Brooks exactly they worshiped an image = that is idolatry
2 seconds ago · Like
Aja Brooks
Time for Creme Brulee Coffee Folgers and Pumpkin Pie! I ate a leg, a wing, 1 helping of greens, 2 helpings of stuffing, and mashed potatoes !!!
Like ·  · Share · 10 hours ago
Ron Casebeer likes this.
Ron Casebeer We are blessed this day.
9 hours ago · Unlike ·  1
Aja Brooks and very humbly grateful
9 hours ago · Like ·  1
Ron Casebeer AMEN to that Aja.
9 hours ago · Unlike ·  1
Aja Brooks
Dear Lord: I apologize for my Facebook Friends. Today of all days, when we are supposed to give thanks in Your Name, you are being compared to one of your servants. Lord, forgive these people because they know not what they do. It is one thing to draw a comparison, but quite another to make Ron Paul into their 'Jesus': http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10150361652607820&set=a.10150315180452820.329291.648892819&type=1&theaterAja Brooks Christopher Lawton's profile, c'mon Ron Paul is not God.
10 hours ago · Like
Neal Mccorkle no one is saying he is.
10 hours ago · Like
Aja Brooks how is this not equivocation???? How would you feel if I was where Paul was, and it said "I like Aja, except on her not liking Ron Paul..." Would you not think I was comparing myself to the INCOMPARABLE??????
10 hours ago · Like
Neal Mccorkle because Paul's foreign policy is based on Jesus's command to love your neighbor...the rejecting of each is the same, it does not mean they are being claimed as the same person
10 hours ago · Like
Themexicanhousemaid Servicios It is saying that Paul is equal to Jesus: a dual attack on people who disagree with those who do not follow Paul; as in, I like Paul but not his foreign policy and equivocates Christian Conservatives as being unChristian for saying it, by saying it is like saying that you like Jesus but not on the command to love others. This is no different, than what is written: 1 Corinthians 1:12 What I mean is this: One of you says, "I follow Paul"; another, "I follow Apollos"; another, "I follow Cephas"; still another, "I follow Christ."
1 Corinthians 3:3 You are still worldly. For since there is jealousy and quarreling among you, are you not worldly? Are you not acting like mere men?
1 Corinthians 4:6 Now, brothers, I have applied these things to myself and Apollos for your benefit, so that you may learn from us the meaning of the saying, "Do not go beyond what is written." Then you will not take pride in one man over against another.
Galatians 1:11 I want you to know, brothers, that the gospel I preached is not something that man made up. What offends me Neal, is that this is taking pride in Paul over Jesus, and over Paulinians over Christians in a religious political way. I find it offensive because it compares/DEPICTS Ron Paul as the 2nd coming Messiah or compares him to Jesus as an equal.
10 hours ago · Like
Conor Nugent No, not in the least. It appeals to a popular figure in conservatism, but it's not saying Paul is Jesus. The point is this: If you follow all of Jesus' teachings except loving your neighbor, you don't get the point. Similarly, if you like Paul's positions on economic freedom, but want an interventionist foreign policy, you don't understand the non-aggression principle that guides Paul.
9 hours ago · Like ·  1
Themexicanhousemaid Servicios Yes, it does: it is putting 2 side-by-side as if they are the same. I do get the point: you don't get the point. I don't like Paul's policies because he is not Jesus, he is wrong on foreign policy, and we can't use his ostrich approach. I also do not depend on your view of politics to keep me safe or your view of religion to determine the morality of it, when you worship the morality of a man.
9 hours ago · Like
Neal Mccorkle no one is "taking pride in Paul over Jesus" Servicios, we are taking pride in Paul as someone who follows Jesus. That depiction is only in your mind because you are not willing to accept the fact that Paul understands the gospel and don't just talk about it in an empty manner.
9 hours ago · Like
Aja Brooks It is not the way it is depicted Neal Mccorkle -- maybe for you as a follower of Paul, but that is how it is designed to look. That is my other profile Neal. You should watch how you talk to people mocking the name of it. I know French, Spanish, and English, but what you are acting like is the same in all three. I can accept the fact that Paul knows the gospel, because I already know that about him because I researched his background, and I am sure he would not want his political followers to equivocate him to God. You on the other hand, need to get over your perception of anyone who speaks Spanish.
9 hours ago · Like
LET’S SWITCH GEARS FOR A MOMENT.... I FOUND THE MOST WONDERFUL SUMMARY OF HISTORY THAT NEEDS TO BE READ THIS MONTH AND FEATURED FOR NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY.... (this is copyrighted, so use it in its entirety with nothing changed for education only!)
1800-1950


© Copyright 1998 by George Parris, All Rights Reserved
Part 24: An Interlude of Peace 1795-1812
24.1 Building A Cherokee Nation in North Georgia (1804-1820)
The Agricultural Base
Although George Washington and others had referred to the Cherokee as a “nation” for many years, the term was only a convenient way to address the collection of towns and settlements that shared the Cherokee language. There was no unified government or governing process consistent throughout the tribe. The Euro-Americans took advantage of this to bribe and extort individuals and groups of village head-men to obtain concessions of the Cherokee lands. Several events would need to occur before the Cherokee could truly become a nation.
The first step was the re-introduction of an agricultural base. The Cherokee had become accustomed to having exportable commodities (e.g., pelts, slaves from other tribes, or land). The biggest step would be to provide the nation not merely subsistence agriculture (e.g., Indian corn) but a way to earn an exportable profit. Washington had laid some of the foundations of this with Henry Dearborn who was directed by Washington to begin introducing cotton seed, spinning wheels and carding machines to the Cherokee as early as 1792.
The Cherokee women quietly planted the crop, and soon were carding and spinning cotton into thread and weaving it into cloth and making clothing. Few Cherokee males took much notice, but within a couple of years the value of the cotton goods produced by the women out weighed the value of the pelts hunted by the males. One of the Cherokee males who recognized the importance of this phenomenon was Ridge of Pine Log, Georgia. Soon, the enlightened Ridge and two of his open-minded neighbors in Pine Log (Charles Hicks and James Vann) were thinking in terms of creating a Cherokee nation that assimilated the Euro-American technology and culture. Their timing was good. Dragging Canoe died and the Chickamaga were defeated in 1794. The Indian Agent Dinsmoor encouraged the Cherokee to establish governmental procedures, and over the next 12 years, they standardized some basic laws and established a “Lighthorse Patrol” mounted police force.
Internal Political Realignment of the Cherokee
In 1805, the Treaty of Tellico was signed by some of the “Old Chiefs” including Doublehead. Among other things, the treaty allowed the United States to build a road (the Federal Highway) from Savannah to Nashville following the old Cherokee-Creek trading path. The treaty was (as usual) obtained by bribery and benefited the “Old Chiefs” and their cronies. Vann, Hicks, and Ridge were apparently among the first to recognize and complain about the systematic graft through which the “Old Chiefs” used Cherokee tribal assets for personal gain. Moreover, it was obvious that the “Old Chiefs” had no real basis for their authority. There was little to stop Vann, Hicks, and Ridge from becoming “Young Chiefs;” basically all they had to do was to assert their influence. This provoked what became known as the “Revolt of the Young Chiefs,” which was a period from 1806 - 1804 during which a reformation of Cherokee politics occurred.
The geographic Overhill-Upper-Lower Cherokee organization of head-men was replaced by a political structure more determined by the willingness of the Cherokee to assimilate with the Europeans. In the process, there was political intrigue and assassination of Doublehead and Vann.
The new government organization was modeled after the United States. Eight districts were created (Hickory Log, Chattoogee, Etowah, Aquohee, Chickamaugee, Amoah, Tahquohee, and Coosewatee). Each district elected four delegates to the National Council and the national Council elected 12 members to the National Committee. The National Committee then selected the executive officers (i.e., the Principal Chief, Assistant Principal Chief, and Treasurer). In 1819, this government began meeting at Newtown at the junction of the Coosawattee and Conasauga rivers (present-day Gordon County, Georgia). It was renamed New Echota in 1825.
It is important to note that the Euro-Americans in the Federal government, Tennessee, the Carolinas and Georgia were insensitive to the restructuring of power within the Cherokee Nation. In particular, just as the United States was not bound by treaties made by the British; the new political structure in the Cherokees were not necessarily willing to make the concessions that had been made before. But, in the short-run, the two political groups (old chiefs and new chiefs) had parallel power structures.
James Vann (1768 - 1809)
James Vann was one of the many mixed-blood Cherokees who would lead the nation into the modern era. He was born at Spring Place, Georgia in 1768. His father was Clement Vann. One of the factors that brought Vann to political importance early in his career was his ability to read and write English. This put him in the picture whenever important correspondence between the European and the Cherokee transpired.
In the 1790s, James Vann Joined the Lower Cherokee Towns in a raid on Knoxville led by John Watts. At Cavett’s Station, the Cavett family surrendered to Bob Benge in exchange for safe conduct to an area that the Cherokee would allow. Old Chief Doublehead was not so forgiving and demanded that Watts’s group turnover the settlers to his tender mercies. Watts, Benge and Vann resisted but Doublehead killed a young boy while he rode with Vann. As a parody to the honorable Cherokee title “mankiller,” Vann displayed his scorn for Doublehead by calling him “babykiller.”
Three years later, Vann supported Major Ridge of Pine Log at the Cherokee councils. Vann Ridge and Charles Hicks became known as the Young Chiefs. Over the next 15 years, they facilitated the very successful adoption of European culture by the Cherokee while retaining autonomy. Vann personally became a very wealthy plantation owner with numerous slaves and substantial power.
As fitted his power, Vann was a well-traveled man and in 1800 visited Washington, DC during a tour of the East Coast. There he met some Moravian missionaries from North Carolina who asked for permission to establish missions in the Cherokee territory. Before allowing the Moravians in, however, he had to obtain permission form the Council, and Old Chief Doublehead attempted to delay action on the school. Vann and Hicks insisted that the schools would begin with or without Council support and from this point on, the Council began to show a split between the Young (progressive) Chiefs and the Old (traditional) Chiefs. One irony was that whereas the Young Chiefs realized early that the wealth of the Cherokees was in owning the land and complied with the prohibitions established by the Council against land sales to the Euro-Americans. But, Doublehead and other could be bribed to sell lands. Hicks discovered this when he translated papers for J. Meigs the Cherokee Agent.
In 1803, Vann led the Cherokee negotiators in discussions for right-of-way (easement) to build the Federal Highway (roughly from Chattanooga to Atlanta, U.S. route 41). It was typical of the style of the Young Chiefs that he, Hicks and Riggs were able to enrich themselves by ensuring that they owned businesses on the new trade route, rather than by losing control of the land.
While self-enrichment was not a crime, selling land to the Euro-Americans was punishable by death among the Cherokee. James Vann, Alexander Saunders and Ridge were appointed to kill Doublehead. At the time, the concept of “due process” was not well established anywhere on the frontier much less in the Cherokee Nation. The Young Chiefs were apparently not fully up to the job of cold-blooded execution/murder and botched the job. But, Ridge finally killed Doublehead on a subsequent occasion. This killing, while technically enforcement of Cherokee law by the Lighthorse Patrol, had most of the trappings of a political rebellion and the collection of events is known as the Revolt of the Young Chiefs, which brought them to power once and for all (at least until Andrew Jackson destroyed the nation).
James Vann was one of the Cherokee who was becoming a wealthy and influential. He was the agent for the sale of the Wafford Tract of Cherokee land in northeast Georgia in 1804.
James Vann married several mixed-blood women including Jennie Foster, Elizabeth Thornton and Margaret Scott. He was a drunken and violent husband. He refused help from friends and banished Alexander Scott when he tried to help. Interestingly, Vann was shot dead at the age of 41 (according to legend with a bottle in one hand and a glass in the other) in a tavern he owned in February 1809.
Vann, breaking with matrilineal Cherokee customs, had willed most of his substantial estate to his son Joseph (“Rich Joe”) rather than to his wife . The will was made in 1808 and named George Parris (son of Richard Pearis) and Richard Rowe as his executors. At this point, George Parris was apparently living near Edgefield, South Carolina. When he left to execute the Vann will, George Parris gave his power of attorney to Charles Goodwin of Edgefield (in Edgefield County, formerly Ninety-Six District) stating that he was moving to Georgia. He settled in Forsyth County, GA.
John Ross (1790 - 1866)
John Ross was born 3 October 1790 in Turkeytown (near Center), Alabama. In his early life, the Native Americans (Creeks) in the Coosa River Valley and the European settlers (John Sevier’s east Tennessee militia) raided one another by way of this area.
Ross (a.k.a., Little John) was only one-eight Cherokee and he had the benefits of private tutors who provided a good basic education. In his later life, he spoke Cherokee so poorly that he avoided public speaking in that language. One of his first jobs was postmaster of Rossville, Georgia. Rossville Landing on the Tennessee River grew into Chattanooga, Tennessee.
Ross fought in the Creek War with Andrew Jackson and Sam Houston at Horseshoe Bend. He also was an aid to Return J. Miegs the Indian Agent. When the Federal highway was built (Chattanooga to Atlanta), the Moravians built a mission near present-day Brainerd, TN and Ross worked as an interpreter.
John Ross joined Charles Hicks after the death of James Vann (1809) and with Major Ridge, they formed the Cherokee Triumvirate, which led the Cherokee through a period of rapid national and social growth. Hicks, Ridge and Vann negotiated the Treaty of 1819 in Washington, D.C. This brought him more political visibility to add to his growing wealth. By 1838, he had amassed a large plantation with numerous slaves.
Realizing that the law was the only protection that the Cherokee would have against progressive encroachment and forced removal, Ross took steps to strengthen the Cherokee’s legal position. In particular, the Cherokee’s claim of national sovereignty was being questioned and infringed by Georgia and other states. The way to reaffirm Cherokee sovereignty was to add all the trappings that the Euro-Americans associated with national sovereignty. The obvious step was to hold a Cherokee Constitutional Convention and ratify a Cherokee constitution, which was done in 1827. Ross was elected Principal Chief of the Cherokee in 1828 and held this position until his death in 1866.
Ross used the press (both the Cherokee Phoenix and eastern newspapers) to reaffirm Cherokee sovereignty. However, this effort may have encouraged a backlash and urgency among Georgians and other states to extinguish the Cherokee nation and its land claims before it became too powerful. In 1832, Georgia held a Land Lottery essentially giving away to its citizens the land that was claimed by the Cherokee nation.
A political split developed among the Cherokee with Major Ridge and his Treaty Party favoring voluntary removal of the nation to land west of the Mississippi (Oklahoma) and Ross’s party who tried to oppose the Georgia land grab. Ridge and his colleagues negotiated a treaty with the U.S. Government in 1835. Ross countered with 16,000 signatures of Cherokee rejecting the treaty. However, the U.S. chose to accept the treaty as valid and began forcibly removing the Cherokee.
Hunting Grounds to Cotton Plantations
Jefferson had envisioned the Cherokee giving up their hunting lands and becoming small farmers raising corn and cattle:
Address by Thomas Jefferson
To the Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation
Washington, January 10, 1806
MY FRIENDS AND CHILDREN, CHIEFLY OF THE CHEROKEE NATION, -- Having now finished our business an to mutual satisfaction, I cannot take leave of you without expressing the satisfaction I have received from your visit. I see with my own eyes that the endeavors we have been making to encourage and lead you in the way of improving your situation have not been unsuccessful; it has been like grain sown in good ground, producing abundantly. You are becoming farmers, learning the use of the plough and the hoe, enclosing your grounds and employing that labor in their cultivation which you formerly employed in hunting and in war; and I see handsome specimens of cotton cloth raised, spun and wove by yourselves. You are also raising cattle and hogs for your food, and horses to assist your labors. Go on, my children, in the same way and be assured the further you advance in it the happier and more respectable you will be.
Our brethren, whom you have happened to meet here from the West and Northwest, have enabled you to compare your situation now with what it was formerly. They also make the comparison, and they see how far you are ahead of them, and seeing what you are they are encouraged to do as you have done. You will find your next want to be mills to grind your corn, which by relieving your women from the loss of time in beating it into meal, will enable them to spin and weave more. When a man has enclosed and improved his farm, builds a good house on it and raised plentiful stocks of animals, he will wish when he dies that these things shall go to his wife and children, whom he loves more than he does his other relations, and for whom he will work with pleasure during his life. You will, therefore, find it necessary to establish laws for this. When a man has property, earned by his own labor, he will not like to see another come and take it from him because he happens to be stronger, or else to defend it by spilling blood. You will find it necessary then to appoint good men, as judges, to decide contests between man and man, according to reason and to the rules you shall establish. If you wish to be aided by our counsel and experience in these things we shall always be ready to assist you with our advice. [Jefferson sees the key to settling the Cherokee as establishing inheritable real estate rights.]
My children, it is unnecessary for me to advise you against spending all your time and labor in warring with and destroying your fellow-men, and wasting your own members. You already see the folly and iniquity of it. Your young men, however, are not yet sufficiently sensible of it. Some of them cross the Mississippi to go and destroy people who have never done them an injury. My children, this is wrong and must not be; if we permit them to cross the Mississippi to war with the Indians on the other side of that river, we must let those Indians cross the river to take revenge on you. I say again, this must not be. The Mississippi now belongs to us. It must not be a river of blood. It is now the water-path along which all our people of Natchez, St. Louis, Indiana, Ohio, Tennessee, Kentucky and the western parts of Pennsylvania and Virginia are constantly passing with their property, to and from New Orleans. Young men going to war are not easily restrained. Finding our people on the river they will rob them, perhaps kill them. This would bring on a war between us and you. It is better to stop this in time by forbidding your young men to go across the river to make war. If they go to visit or to live with the Cherokees on the other side of the river we shall not object to that. That country is ours. We will permit them to live in it. [This is about all that Jefferson said in 1806 related to removal or settlement west of the Mississippi River.]
My children, this is what I wished to say to you. To go on in learning to cultivate the earth and to avoid war. If any of your neighbors injure you, our beloved men whom we place with you will endeavor to obtain justice for you and we will support them in it. If any of your bad people injure your neighbors, be ready to acknowledge it and to do them justice. It is more honorable to repair a wrong than to persist in it. Tell all your chiefs, your men, women and children, that I take them by the hand and hold it fast. That I am their father, wish their happiness and well-being, and am always ready to promote their good.
My children, I thank you for your visit and pray to the Great Spirit who made us all and planted us all in this land to live together like brothers that He will conduct you safely to your homes, and grant you to find your families and your friends in good health.
After adopting the Euro-American technology for cultivating cotton, the wealthy Cherokee also took up the practice of slavery. This created a situation that Washington and Jefferson had not envisioned. Now that the Cherokee were becoming wealthy landowners raising cotton with slaves, they would need land. Encrochment by Europeans would not be tolerable. Cherokee property in north Georgia in 1826 included 1,560 black slaves, 2,942 plows, and 8 cotton gins. Other major assets included 18 schools, 10 sawmills, 31 gristmills, 62 blacksmith shops and 18 ferries (many along the Federal Highway).
Thus, at least in Georgia and Alabama, conflict between the Cherokee and the Europeans over land took a new turn. The Cherokee Nation, as it began to evolve, was focused on the flatlands of north Georgia. The mountains of the Carolinas and Tennessee were not so prosperous and would follow a path of assimilation with the Europeans.
The Georgians claimed the Cherokee cotton land. But, perhaps the factor that finally induced Georgia to act on its claim was the discovery of gold at Dahlonega in 1828. In 1832, Georgia held a land lottery to parcel out Cherokee lands to its citizens.
24.2 Assimilation of the Cherokee in the Carolinas (1782-1820)
Spartanburg County and Up-State South Carolina (1783-1850)
At the end of the War of Independence, the uplands of western South Carolina were administer by the Ninety-Six District (modern counties west of and including Cherokee, Union, Newberry, Saulda, and Edgefield). The Cherokee still held land in north Georgia and North Carolina, which included a small strip in modern South Carolina. In 1785, six counties were created within Ninety-Six District (including “Spartan County” named for John Thomas’s Spartan Legion).
In 1795, Pinckney District was created including modern Union, York and Cherokee Counties. Also in 1795, Edgefield, Laurens, Abbeville, Newberry and Spartanburg Districts were created from Ninety-Six District. This left, the extreme western counties (modern Anderson, Pickens, Oconnee, Greenville) re-organized as Washington District (the name Ninety-Six District was abandoned). In 1798, Washington was dissolved into Pendleton and Greenville Districts. Pendleton was dissolved into Pickens and Anderson Districts in 1826. Cherokee and Oconee Counties were formed in the late 1800s.
Population of Spartanburg County (1790-1850)
Year Population
1790 8,800
1800 12,122
1810 14,259
1820 16,989
1830 21,150
1840 23,069
1850 26,400
Henry Paris/Parris of Greenville County, SC
The original homestead of Richard Pearis was on the Reedy River in what became Greenville County, South Carolina. Examination of the records for early Greenville County reveals two names that are worth tracking: Henry Paris/Parris and Robert Morrow.
According to data from Don McHugh provided by Ben Parris (Forsyth County, GA, 1999), Henry Paris/Parris was born about 1750 and died 27 September 1847. This is consistent with the census records of 1790 of Greenville County. It is not clear where Henry Paris/Parris came from. If he was born in upstate South Carolina in 1750, he must have been part Cherokee because there were no European women there then. He may be the same Henry Parris listed in the 1779 Orange County, North Carolina tax rolls, but there was also a Henry Parris, Jr. on these rolls. Moreover, there was still a Henry Parris in Orange County, NC in 1820 . If I had to guess, I would think Henry Paris/Parris was a child of Richard or his brother George Pearis (most likely George since Richard did not claim him). This would require that George Pearis accompany Richard Pearis to South Carolina on trading expeditions in the 1750s, which is quite possible and consistent with George Pearis later movements.
Regardless, in 1790, there were 954 heads of households in Greenville County and one of these was Henry Paris who was 40 years old at the time. Henry Paris appears in the 1800, 1810, and 1820 census for Greenville County as Henry Parris. No other Paris or Parris households appear in the Greenville census in 1790 or 1800. Henry Paris/Parris had four daughters and three sons by 1800 (one born before 1774, one born between 1774 and 1790, and two born between 1790 and 1800; all were with Henry in 1800). According to the data from Don McHugh, his wife was Telitha Morgan (he may have had more than one wife). Ben Parris reports 9 children for Henry Paris/Parris with the names as follows: Moses, Thomas, Ellender, Lurany, Mary, Nancy, Elizabeth and John M. (b. 1790, died 1853, married to Margaret Harrison) and William Henry Paris (b. 30 September 1818, in Greenville County, SC, died after 1850 in Georgia, married Martha Webb Dec. 23, 1847 in Greenville). Ben Parris also reports that Henry Paris/Parris may have married Margaret B. Cunningham. Importantly, David Parris does not appear among the children of Henry Paris/Parris.
Also from the census record of Greenville County, SC, we find Robert Morrow (also born about 1750). By 1800, Robert Morrow had been joined by David Morrow and Samuel Morrow. Mary Morrow (b. 1783) will be introduced later as the wife of David Parris (b. 1778). She may be related to the Morrows of Greenville County. According to Bible records for the Berry Nelson (1875-1956) family posted on the Inernet by B. Parker in February 2000, Mary Morrow was the daughter of William Morrow (b.1747) and Ruth Parham (b. 1751) who were married 10 June 1771.
Old Buncombe County, NC (1791)
In 1790, the French Broad River (a line between Hendersonville and Asheville and then through the Mountains towards Knoxville, Tennessee) marked the western boundary of Rutherford (old Tryon) and Burke Counties. The commercial routes provided, in part, by the French Broad River between the Watauga Settlement and Charleston, South Carolina became increasingly important. European settlers began to fill up the French Broad River Valley on both sides (west and east) of the river. The valley was particularly attractive at the point that the Swannanoa River joins the French Broad. About 1784, Samuel W. Davidson settled on Christian Creek in Swannanoa Valley. He was soon followed by a small settlement on the Swannanoa. This population warranted the establishment of a new county, partly from Cherokee lands and partly from Burke and Rutherford Counties. The new county was called Buncombe and was founded in 1791. By 1794, John Burton had a land grant in the area and began selling city lots called Morristown. This town grew into the city now known as Asheville.
There were actually some 1790 census records for areas that became Buncombe County. No Paris, Parris or Pearis families were noted in the available data (www.main.nc.us/OBCGS/ffob.htm). The first Buncombe County census of 1800 also does not report any families named Paris, Parris, or Pearis.
1800 Buncombe County Population
(http://www.main.nc.us/OBCGS/1800.html)
White males
1099 under the age of ten years
416 between the ages of ten and sixteen years old
479 between sixteen and twenty-six years old
489 between the ages of twenty-six and forty-five years
289 age forty-five and over
White Females
1137 under the age of ten years
368 between the ages of ten and sixteen years
507 between sixteen and twenty-six years old
422 between the ages of twenty-six and forty-five years
225 age forty-five years and older
Others 34
Slaves 347
But, the western boundary of Buncombe was far from the French Broad commercial route. It extended to the Balsam Mountain (Maggie Valley). These western extremes were slowly settled and in 1808 Haywood County was formed from a part of Buncombe County. The Cherokee still controlled the area west of Balsam Mountain.
Felix Walker
Felix Walker played a role in several interesting stories about the American frontier. He first came to historical notice as a member of Daniel Boone’s expedition in March and April 1775 to open a road into Kentucky. Mr. Clyde Bunch (Jessamine County, Kentucky) has compiled noted on this expedition involving Walker (see the discussion of Daniel Boone in previous sections). From Walker’s own journal it is reported that he and several friends (including James Bridges, Captain William Twetty) left Rutherford County, North Carolina (the western part of old Tryon County) to explore a trail into Kentucky. They stopped by Long Island (Kingsport, Tennessee) and joined Daniel Boone’s party. Boone and Twetty led 29 men from Long Island for Kentucky on 10 March 1775. [Coincidentally, Richard Pearis was at Sycamore Shoals about 15 miles from Long Island on 20 March 1775 to sign the treaty of Sycamore Shoals with the Cherokee.] On 25 March 1775, Shawnee attacked the Boone party just before dawn. Capt. Twetty was shot through both knees and died three days later. His Negro servant was killed outright. Felix Walker was severely wounded. Boone’s party broke-up and went various ways. Boone reported these events to Col. Henderson (who had returned to Louisa County, Virginia from Sycamore Shoals) on 1 April. Boone also noted that the Shawnee had similarly attacked another party on 27 March and had killed and scalped two men. As described elsewhere, Boone’s party succeeded in cutting the Transylvania Trail and Felix walker is duly noted on the historical marker.
But, Mr. Walker returned to the frontier of North Carolina and settled near Waynesville (Haywood County) after the War of Independence was won. He was elected to Congress and ran a successful mercantile business trading with the Cherokee. This leads to the interesting story of Lucy Hanks. Ms. Hanks was an unmarried woman who wandered drifted from job to job (mostly spinning) in Rutherford County in the period 1775-1800. Ms. Hanks did not fully occupy her time with spinning as she bore two fatherless daughters named Nancy and Amanda (Mandy).
Amanda was informally adopted by the Pratt family and Nancy was likewise handed over to the Abraham Enloe family. Both families were in Bostic, NC. Mr. Enloe sired at least 16 children and held a large parcel of land on Puzzle Creek. Nonetheless, when Nancy was in her early teens, he moved to the Soco Valley on the Ocono Luftee River about 1805. This was near a store that Felix Walker had established. Nancy Hanks turned up pregnant and Mrs. Enloe claimed that her husband was the father. With the aid of Felix Walker, Enloe sent Nancy Hanks back to Bostic where she gave birth to a son that she named Abraham. Naturally, gossip followed Hanks and Enloe. Thus, it was arranged to have Nancy returned to Ocono Luftee. There a sawmill worker named Tom Lincoln was induced to marry Ms. Hanks and migrate to Kentucky in 1806. The gossips of Rutherford County, North Carolina are still talking about Abraham Lincoln .
Robert Love and The Formation of Haywood County North Carolina
Robert Love was born in old Augusta County, Virginia 11 May 1760, and the child of Samuel Love and Dorcas Bell . He joined the army in Montgomery County (now Wythe County, Virginia) in 1776 and most information about Robert Love comes from his pension application (5 April 1833). His military record included participation in the 1776 expedition against the Cherokee under the command of Col. Christie. He was then station in western forts (Long Island 1777 and Fort Robertson 1778-1780) to protect against the Shawnee. There were also excursions against the Tories including participation in the Battle of Shallow Ford under Col. William Campbell. He was in the 1781 battle at Guilford Court House. By then, he was an officer and was again stationed at Fort Robertson in 1782.
After the war, he moved to Greasy Cove (Erwin) in Washington County, North Carolina (now Tennessee). There he married Mary Ann Dillard (11 September 1783). In 1784, he made the acquaintance of Andrew Jackson. Robert Love was then a delegate to the Greenville convention (December 1784) of the State of Franklin. He became a justice of the peace for Washington County, North Carolina (State of Franklin) in 1788.
He moved to Buncombe County, NC when it was formed from Burke County in 1792 and was a state senator 1793-1795. Robert Love was instrumental in the establishment of Haywood County (1808) from parts of Burke and Buncombe and was elected county clerk over Felix Walker. At this time, Haywood County had about 2,500 residents. Thomas D. Love conducted the first census in 1810 and reported a total of 2,780 persons. The following is a “spelling-corrected” version based on the direct transcription by Betsy C. Farlow (1991) for the Haywood Co. Historical Society:
[6 November 1810]
Having completed the duties assigned to me, as an Assistant Marshall in taking [the] third Census of the United States, in the county of Haywood, which consist of 384 families, and of inhabitants of every description 2780: And although the number is small, yet they are extended over a large scope of territory:
The county of Haywood comprehends the western part of the state of North Carolina west of Rutherford and Buncombe counties, that is to say from the Georgia line to the the state of Tennessee. Beginning on the Georgia line if that state extends across the Appalachian Mountains east & south of the present Indian boundary, and from thence running along the ridge of mountains between the rivers French Broad and Pigeon to the Tennessee line a distance of about 80 or 90 miles, then with that line to the beginning: within which limits sundry settlements are formed, which lie detached from the principal settlements of said county: from twelve to fifteen & as far as eighteen miles, owing to the huge piles of mountains, which are interspersed throughout the whole of this county; for instance the settlements on the Caney Fork of [the] Tuckasegee River lies from fifteen to eighteen miles from any other inhabitants and consist of 8 or 10 families; the settlement on Oconaluftee lies nearly the same distance from any other inhabitants and [consist of] 12 or 15 families. The settlements on Fines Creek and the East Fork of [the] Pigeon [River] also lie very remote from the body of the county.
And under those circumstances, I claim such additional allowance as may be covered by the Act of Congress, and for the truth of what I have here stated I refer you to the gentlemen members of the general assembly from this county.
With respect Thomas D. Love
Beverly Daniel Esq. Mar. N.C.
There were no Parris or Paris families mentioned in 1810, but James Morrow and his son (believed to be James Junior) were in the county.
After the Cherokee session of 1819, much new land was added to Haywood County. North Carolina offered citizenship to any Cherokee who wished to stay in the county. Cherokee territory (Cherokee citizenship) was pushed west to the Tuckasegee River. There were still no Parris or Paris families in 1820, but the Morrows included Henry, James, John, Joseph and Robert . The David Parris family appeared in 1830 .
Robert Love was also a presidential elector from Haywood County through the time of Andrew Jackson’s election. He was much respected and carried the vote to Washington, DC. He also founded Waynesville, North Carolina (1809) named in honor of “Mad Anthony” Wayne who Robert Love served with on the frontier (Long Island) during the War of Independence. Robert Love died in Waynesville 17 July 1845.
The War between Georgia and North Carolina (1811)
A curious conflict called “The Walton War” developed out of the 1802 Act of Cession (the agreement between Georgia and the United States to resolve the Yazoo Land Fraud liabilities). In the agreement made on 26 April 1802, the United States agreed to take over the disputed lands and relieve Georgia from further liabilities for a payment of $1.25 million from Georgia. One of the responsibilities acquired by the United States was the removal of Cherokees from land that their tribe/nation had sold to others. If compensation of other inducements (or force) were required to get the Cherokees to move, the United States had to provide it.
Article II of the 1802 Act of Cession was very complex; but what it basically said was that Georgia took responsibility for what was known as the “Orphan Strip” of rugged mountainous land that had been left unclaimed when South Carolina closed its western boundary with North Carolina; but it did not make an official allocation of the land to either Georgia or North Carolina. It later became clear that North Carolina viewed this land as part of its territory. This land (the upper French Broad River Valley) was part of the old Cherokee Middle and Lower Towns region, which had been bypassed by government or settlement since the Americans had won their independence. It was generally “lawless” in every sense of the word and had become a refuge for outlaws as well a home to woodland Cherokee; thus, North Carolina did not have much desire to govern the area from 1802 through 1810.
In 1803, Georgia attempted to exercise control over the area by establishing Walton County with a government led by John Nicholson as the representative to the state legislature (then located at Milledgeville, Georgia). Although North Carolina knew that Georgia was governing the Orphan Strip, it is likely that they assumed that when the time came, Georgia would acknowledge the surveyed boundaries as, indeed, North Carolina had done in ceding old Tryon County to South Carolina. Parts of the Georgia-North Carolina boundary were not surveyed until 1820. The effectiveness of the Georgia government is a matter of debated. In all likelihood, the North Carolinians were not impressed and eventually expressed their own claims for the area.
In December 1810, North Carolina sent a military unit to the upper French Broad River valley to replace the government from Georgia. When the Georgians refused to be displaced, the situation soon got out of hand. In January 1811, a battle of sorts occurred between Georgia and North Carolina forces at McGaha Branch (near present-day Brevard) and North Carolina took about 25 persons claiming to be Georgians into custody. A second firefight broke out at Selica Hill with the same result. In all likelihood, the “Georgians” were little more than outlaws taken into custody by the North Carolinians who then established North Carolina civil authority over the area.
Little Will Thomas, The Early Years
At the same time that the Cherokee in North Georgia were moving towards nationhood, the Cherokee of western North and South Carolina were headed towards assimilation with the Europeans and citizenship in the respective states. As a matter of fact, by the time of the Chapman Roll and the Siler Roll in 1851, very few Parris families even acknowledged being Cherokee. This story can, in part, be told through the life of “Little Will Thomas.”
Will Thomas was born in 1805 on Raccoon Creek near modern Waynesville, North Carolina. Waynesville and Haywood County were not founded until 1809. This area is now known as Maggie Valley . There he found employment as a youth in the mercantile store of Felix Walker as related by Michael Fome (Strangers in High Places, 1966, Doubleday & Co., Garden City, NY). Walker was one of the most powerful men in western North Carolina (Haywood County). After the War of Independence, he was elected to Congress and built a business primarily trading with the Cherokee in what was left of the middle towns. This is about as far west as Europeans now ventured. Incidentally, David Parris (b. 1778) was one of the first residents of Haywood County; and his son James Parris was also born in 1805.
Walker opened a new store west of Soco Mountain in the Soco Valley in 1817 and Will Thomas was sent across the mountain to help tend it.
Part 25: The Rise of Andrew Jackson (1800 - 1820)
25.1 Prelude to the War of 1812
Andrew Jackson Arrives in Tennessee
We have already met Andrew Jackson (1767 - 1845) as a young boy from the Waxhaws who was abused by the British during the American War of Independence. In 1784, he began his political career with the study of law in Salisbury, North Carolina. After being admitted to the bar in North Carolina, he moved to frontier in Tennessee where he became a prosecutor in the Nashville District Court. Concurrently, he engaged in land speculation. His timing was good as Tennessee became a state in June 1796 and he was elected as the state’s congressman. In the next election, he became a senator, but soon resigned to accept a judgeship in the state supreme court. This lasted until 1802. At that point he was elected to become a major general in the Tennessee militia.
For practical purposes, Jackson was an outsider backed by the political machine of the east (i.e., North Carolina). He was not an Over-Mountain Man from the War of Independence and he soon had John Sevier as his chief rival. Their feuds and near-duel led to Jackson being the champion of the western part of the state (Cumberland) and Sevier being the champion of the eastern counties.
The Louisiana Purchase (1803) and Burr’s Conspiracy
The French had ceded the territory west of the Mississippi to the Spanish but Napoleon Bonaparte retrieved it from Spain in a secret treaty about 1800. However, his hopes of a new French Empire in North America was soon in ruins and he needed cash to support possible conflicts with the British. Enter Thomas Jefferson. For the reasonable sum of $15 million, the United States was able to double its size without international conflict. This presented Jackson with a unique opportunity.
It was also a unique opportunity for Aaron Burr who had lost the election of 1800 to Jefferson and was looking for an alternative route to leading a nation. He traveled to Nashville in 1805 and befriended Jackson. He also campaigned for the hearts of westerners along the Mississippi. In Burr’s mind a general scheme of slicing out a new nation along the Mississippi (probably established on New Orleans) and including Jackson’s political base in western Tennessee was likely taking shape. Jackson would be Burr’s military strength necessary to overthrow the governments in western Tennessee and Louisiana. Jackson, however, was led to believe that he was supporting Burr in an attempt to displace the Spanish for Texas and Mexico for the United States. The plot unraveled and Burr was charged with treason. In his trial, it proved to be impossible to prove whether Burr was planning treason against the United States or merely aggressively trying to expand the United States at the expense of the Spanish. In the absence of clear evidence, Burr was eventually acquitted to Jefferson’s annoyance and Jackson’s relief. If Burr had been convicted, Jackson’s career (if not freedom) might have been at an end.
Prelude to The War of 1812
The last time we saw Richard Pearis was in 1794. He and another Loyalist ex-patriot and from Georgia (Colonel Browne) were trying to establish a peace treaty with the Creek Indians in West Florida for the British. The fever or a bullet may have eventually caught up with Richard (who was well past his prime at the age of 69 when most men would have been content to rock their grand children) because we never heard from him again. Nonetheless, William August Bowles (Loyalists from Maryland) brought forward the State of Muskogee in West Florida in 1799 forming a civil union of the Seminole and Creek Nations. The capital was the village of Mikasuke (near present-day Tallahassee). The Spanish were not amused; and Bowles was captured in 1803 and ended his days in a Spanish prison in Havana, Cuba.
The British were disturbed by the Louisiana Purchase because they though the Spanish had agreed to sell or trade the territory to them rather than the French. It passed through the French hands before the British could do anything about it. In the meantime, the French, the Spanish and the British seemed to think nothing of taking American merchant ships on the high seas for their cargoes and their crews. Animosity was growing on many sides, but the main reason for the war was that the British were headed for a showdown with Napoleon (it happened at Waterloo in 1815) and the Americans simply got in the way as a neutral country.
Most of the fighting during the war occurred in the north and east, but the British attempted to distract the Americans with a guerrilla war by the Native Americans (specifically the Creeks) in the south and west. The politics of the American southwest (i.e., Mississippi Territory) was becoming very complex. The Spanish occupied East and West Florida, Louisiana and Texas (i.e., the entire Gulf Coast). But the Louisiana Purchase gave the Americans the vital waterway into the American interior and New Orleans. The British still held Detroit and the Great Lakes; and the British were loosely allied with the Spanish against the French. Moreover, the Creek Nation was about to split into a domestic feud at the same time western Tennessee became a focus of American empire-building.
Tecumseh (1768 - 1813)
The Shawnee had had the misfortune to occupy the lands, which the Euro-Americans first penetrated in Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana. Perhaps it is fitting that among them was born an articulate man who came close to organizing a unified resistance to the Euro-Americans. Tecumseh was born in 1768 near present-day Dayton, Ohio to a Cherokee (i.e., Tsalagi) woman named Methotase who had been captured by the Shawnee. His father was a well known Shawnee warrior named Puckesinwa. He was one of six children including his brother Laulewasika ("Makes a loud Noise" because he cried loudly as an infant; later known as Tenskwatawa, or "The Prophet") who was to play a key part in his later life.
Tecumseh’s family and he personally were involved with the various wars with the Europeans from 1768 - 1800. His father was killed at the Battle of Point Pleasant. Shortly thereafter, his mentor (Cornplanter) was killed in Lord Dunmore’s War. He also lost a brother in the fighting at Fallen Timbers, which led to the repressive Greenville Treaty. About 1800, he developed a friendship with a white woman named Rebecca Galloway from Ohio. She taught him to read and write and importantly he was exposed to world and American history. This gave him a perspective that most native Americans never had. The idea of uniting the Native Americans to resist the encroachment of the Europeans came to him; and about 1805, he took the position that no tribe could sell land to the Euro-Americans without the approval of the other tribes.
There were several strange twist to Tecumseh’s story. One of them occurred when his younger brother Laulewasika, who was fond of whisky, fell into a drunken stupor and awoke believing that he was a prophet of Native American victory over the Europeans. He changed his name to Tenskwatawa, "The Prophet," and by 1808 established what can be described as a religious commune on the Wabash River near the confluence of the Tippecanoe River. This community (Prophetstown) proselytized a pan-Indian unity and brotherhood; and may be the root of a lot of the myth of the virtue of the Native American unity with nature and the environment; a call for the return to their native roots and culture.
Tecumseh began receiving notice for his preaching of the doctrine of Native American Unity and ran directly into two Euro-Americans who were not going to sit by and allow this force to materialize. The first white man to react was William Henry Harrison who received Tecumseh at his headquarters at Vincennes, Indiana in August 1810. The meeting was an angry exchange of insults that convinced Harrison that trouble was on the way. Harrison looked for an excuse to take action against the prophets and found it in July 1811 when some settlers were killed in Illinois. Harrison demanded that the prophets had over the guilty parties. Tecumseh refused and set out on a six month journey to gather support from the southern tribes. As he left, he instructed his brother to avoid conflict with the army until he could bring in the southern tribes.
As it worked out, in the fall of 1811 while Tecumseh was away, Harrison responded to another incident by moving his soldiers up the Wabash towards Prophetstown. Tenskwatawa fired by his own delusions could not resist attacking. This he did about 4 AM on 7 November 1811. He attack was a surprise, but Harrison had prepared his men well and their sentries were alert. The battle continued into the daylight and was not fully ended until dark. Harrison lost 37 killed and 150 wounded at the Battle of Tippecanoe. On 8 November, Harrison destroyed Prophetstown and ended the dream of a union of all the tribes.
In 1858 T.S. Woodward discussed Tecumseh’s visit to the Creeks. Interestingly, Woodward does not mention the legendary prophecy concerning the earthquake:
Some time in April 1814, on the West bank of the Pinchong, now in Montgomery county, Ala., and by a camp fire, I heard Weatherford relate the following particulars about the Creek war:
He said that some few years before the war, a white man came from Pensacola to Tuckabatchy. He remained some time with the Big Warrior. The white man was a European, and he thought a Scotchman; that he never knew the man's business, nor did he ever learn; that all the talks between this man and the Big Warrior were carried on through a Negro interpreter that belonged to the Warrior; that he [Weatherford] had seen the man several times, and more than once the man asked how many warriors he thought the Creeks could raise. The man disappeared from the Nation, and in a short time Tuskenea, the oldest son of the Big Warrior, took a trip to the Wabash, and visited several tribes -- the Shawnees or Sowanakas. (This trip Tuskenea did make, for I have often heard him speak of it, and have seen some women of the Hopungiesas and Shawnees that he carried to the Creek Nation.) Weatherford said that not long after the return of Tuskenea to the Creek Nation, Tecumseh, with the Prophet, Seekaboo, and others, made their appearance at the Tuckabatchy town. A talk was put out by the [Big] Warrior. Moniac and Weatherford attended the talk. No white man was allowed to be present. Tecumseh stated the object of his mission; that if it could be effected, the Creeks could recover all the country that the whites had taken from them, and that the British would protect them in their right. Moniac was the first to oppose Tecumseh's talk, and said that the talk was a bad one, and that he [Tecumseh] had better leave the Nation. The Big Warrior seemed inclined to take the talk. The correspondence was carried on through Seekaboo, who spoke English. After Moniac had closed, Weatherford then said to Seekaboo to say to Tecumseh, that the whites and Indians were at peace, and had been for years; that the Creek Indians were doing well, and that it would be bad policy for the Creeks, at least, to take sides either with the Americans or English, in the event of a war -- (this was in 1811.) Besides, he said, that when the English held sway over the country, they were equally as oppressive as the Americans had been, if not more so; and in the American revolution the Americans were but few, and that they had got the better of the English; and that they were now very strong, and if interest was to be consulted, the Indians had better join the Americans.
After this talk Tecumseh left for home, and prevailed on Seekaboo and one or two others to remain among the Creeks.
Tecumseh returned and eventually joined forces with the British in the war that began on 18 June 1812. He was killed at the Battle of the Thames River in Canada (near present-day Chatham, Ontario) on 5 October l813. The American forces were led by Harrison.
Tecumseh’s Prophesy
Tecumseh’s prophesy was one of those lucky events that sometime take great men and make them seem to be gods (or it may have simply been fabricated after the fact). It is noteworthy because on the one hand, no man ever had a better “sign from god” to convince his followers and opponents of the justice of his cause; and on the other hand, in spite of it, Tecumseh’s efforts failed miserably.
One version of the story goes, that Tecumseh’s brother Tenskwatawa was losing credibility and clout because of his wild admonitions to take up arms against the Euro-Americans. Tecumseh directed his brother to go into the wilderness (like Moses) and create a series of red cedar slabs on which were carved a symbol. Tecumseh also directed that a number of red cedar sticks should be prepared. His plan was to deliver the slabs to the various chiefs in the southeast along with a bundle of sticks. The plan was to coordinate an uprising or at least an assembly of the many tribes. To do this, he would give each chief a bundle of red sticks with instructions to discard one stick at each full moon. When the last stick was discarded, the chief was to expect a sign from Tecumseh to rise up against the Euro-Americans and/or send a delegation to Prophetstown,. Obviously, Tecumseh had little confidence in the ability of the chiefs of the Southeast to tell time. In all likelihood, Tecumseh planned to initiate military action shortly after the sticks had all counted down and send worked to the tribes for help.
It must be noted that Tecumseh was recognized by whites and Indians alike as a great public speaker and compelling spiritual leader. Thus, it was not purely fantasy that he might receive some support. Tecumseh conducted his campaign for support from the southeastern tribes in August and September 1811. He appears to have targeted December 1811 as the time for his rally.
The key part of the legend is that upon reaching the Upper Creeks (see notes by Woodward above), Tecumseh was confronted by a local leader (Big Warrior) at Tuckabatchee on the Tallapoosa River. The Creeks were skeptical and Tecumseh make the pledge that when he reached Detroit, he would stamp his foot on the ground and shake down the houses in Tuckabatchee as a sign of his power. The legend continues that a final 30-day count down was to be provided by a comet or meteor, which came on 16 November 1811. (Since only the Upper Creeks had received the foot stomping part of the prophecy, this seems to have been added to the legend later.) In any event, on 16 December 1811, the New Madrid earthquake episode began. The earthquake could be felt into Canada, to the Gulf Coast and to the Atlantic seaboard. Near the epicenter on the Kentucky-Tennessee boarder a depression formed and was filled with water to create Reelfoot Lake. Other quakes occurred on 23 and 27 January 1812, and these all turned out to be foreshocks for the quake that occurred on 13 February 1812.
All of this failed to provoke a reversal of the defeat that Harrison had given the Shawnee on 8 November 1811. But among the Creek tribes, a civil war was contested at low intensity for over a year before it broke into the attention of the Euro-Americans.
25.2 The War of 1812 on the Frontier
Overview of the War of 1812
It is not our intention here go into much detail about the War of 1812. Suffice it to say that for the most part, the Americans were thrashed by the British up and down the East Coast. James Madison was the President and reluctantly declared war against the British on 18 June 1812. He was re-elected in the fall of that year and suffered the indignity of having the White House burned by the British on 24 August 1814. On 14 September 1814, during the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in Baltimore harbor, Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star Spangled Banner.” Later that year, the British prepared to invade the Gulf Coast concurrent with negotiations to end the war at Ghent. The Treaty of Ghent was in fact signed on 24 December 1814, but word was not received in time to head off the Battle of New Orleans, which was fought 8 January 1815.
Our interests are to watch the evolution of the career of Andrew Jackson from a general of militia in western Tennessee to a national hero between 1813 and 1815. Whereas the Americans were badly outclassed by the British in the East and in Canada, the westerners realized that they were being given a opportunity to win more territory from the weak British forces in the west and especially their Spanish allies who held Florida and Texas and the Creeks who held the Mississippi Territory.
Jackson had been a general of the militia for years and yearned for a major federal command. His abilities as a general were un-proven and he probably never would have made any contribution except for a sequence of events beginning with the call up of 1,500 men from Tennessee to reinforce New Orleans in October 1812. This led to an appointment for Jackson as a general in the U.S. volunteers. Unfortunately, assembly of the troops at Nashville December 1812 produced criticism of Jackson for some of the hardships caused by the weather. Nonetheless, the force moved to Natchez where he was first asked to delay by General Wilkinson commander of New Orleans and then on the 15th of March 1813, Jackson received a letter (dated 5 February) telling him that he and his forces were “dismissed” as they were no longer needed. The Madison Administration did not care for Jackson and was not interested in providing him a career steppingstone. Although he returned to Nashville, he had managed to win the appreciation of his troops.
Back in Nashville, Jackson managed to get into a real western gunfight with some of his political adversaries in the summer of 1813. He was severely wounded and slowly recovering when word came of a frightening episode at Fort Mims deep in Alabama.
Fort Mims, Alabama (30 August 1813)
The legend of his prophecy not withstanding, Tecumseh’s arrival in the Cheek Nation in the late summer of 1811 enlarged a split between Creeks who favored assimilation and those that rejected European customs. The Creeks (Upper, Middle and Lower) were a confederacy of many small tribes , but an enlightened Indian Agent, Benjamin Hawkins, had lived with them for many years and cultivated union and progress towards assimilation. Big Warrior, the principal leader of the confederacy, was generally in agreement with these objectives. The split apparently was started when the Americans built a road through Creek territory in 1810 to link New Orleans with Nashville, Tennessee . The political split among the Creeks was not necessarily along the traditional Upper/Lower geographic divide; it was more between old and educated Creeks (including many mixed-bloods) versus young and superstitious Creeks who followed the Shawnee prophets.
Tecumseh’s words and the apparent fulfillment of his prophecy inspired younger men to follow his advice and reject European ways. This faction began calling themselves the Red Sticks, perhaps after the counting sticks of Tecumseh. The other faction began calling themselves the White Sticks. Poles of the appropriate color were erected to signify political affiliation among the Creeks. William McIntosh was a leader of the White Sticks. It appears that the principal leaders of the Red Sticks were Peter McQueen, Josiah Francis, and High-Head Jim. Ironically, the man who is most remembered as a leader of the Red Sticks appears to have been fairly moderate and probably could be classified as a Lower Creek . His name was William (Billy) Weatherford (1765 - 1824) . These zealous adversaries undermined big Warrior’s authority and he was drawn into the Red Stick camp because he was an Upper Creek.
The Red Sticks were drawn to the Gulf Coast by the British and Spanish who encouraged them to resist the American settlers who were pushing into Mississippi Territory from Tennessee and Georgia. Along the way, they apparently coerced Weatherford to take up arms against the white settlers. Returning from Pensacola where they received arms from the British, the Red Stick band led by McQueen, Francis and High-Head Jim was attacked by territorial militia under Colonel James Caller on 27 July 1813 at a place called Burnt Corn Creek in present-day Baldwin County, Alabama. The Red Sticks won a close victory and Weatherford was urged to facilitate a raid on Fort Mims (beside Lake Tensaw, a.k.a. Boatyard Lake, about 35 miles north of Mobile, Alabama) where about 500 settlers had taken refuge along with the 7th and 4th Regiments of Mississippi Territorial Militia under the drunkard Major Daniel Beasley. Weatherford was drafted for this task because he lived nearby and knew the country and the fort. (His role was that of a involuntary guide, not the leader of the war party.)
Weatherford was not eager to facilitate and attack on people who were in many cases acquaintances and friends , but he believed the fort was strong enough to repel the Red Sticks and apparently assumed the raid would fail. The fort itself was only partially complete with a stockade of sharpened post and two massive gates. Unfortunately, the fort was in a wooded area and attackers could advance close to the fort without being detected. And that is what they did. When the Red Sticks broke from the woods about noon on 30 August 1813, a race was on to see how fast the gates could be closed. The settlers lost. The Red Sticks soon overpowered them. In one of the few instances in the history of the American frontier, aggressive natives found themselves in the midst of a large number of helpless defeated settlers. They showed no mercy. In part, the religious zeal of the local prophet Josiah Francis kept the Red Sticks killing in the most brutal ways . Weatherford says that the murder did not begin until after he had left. Although this may be a self-serving claim, there is nothing that indicates that Weatherford encouraged it and he probably did leave (if only to vomit).
A description of the events leading up to the Battle of Burnt Corn Creek and the destruction of Fort Mims as told by T.S. Woodward in 1858:
In 1812 the Indians killed Arthur Lott and Thomas Meridith, which I before mentioned, as well as Captain Isaacs' going with the Little Warrior to the mouth of Duck river. After this, matters calmed down until the opening of 1813. Moniac and Weatherford took a trip to the Chickasaw in Mississippi Territory, trading in beef cattle. On their return, they found that several chiefs had assembled at a place that was afterwards settled by one Townsend Robinson, from Anson county, N.C. They were taking the Ussa, or black drink, and had Moniac's and Weatherford's families at the square. They told Moniac and Weatherford that they should join or be put to death. Moniac boldly refused, and mounted his horse. Josiah Francis, his brother-in-law, seized his bridle; Moniac snatched a war-club from his hand, gave him a severe blow and put out, with a shower of rifle bullets following him. Weatherford consented to remain. He told them that he disapproved their course, and that it would be their ruin; but they were his people he was raised with them, and he would share their fate. He was no chief, but had much influence with the Indians. He was always called by the Indians Billy Larny, or Yellow Billy; that was his boy name. His other name was Hoponika Futsahia. Hoponika Futsahia, as nigh as I can give the English of it, is truthmaker -- and he was all of that .
He then proposed to the Indians to collect up all such as intended going to war with the whites; take their women and children into the swamps of Florida; leave the old men and lads to hunt for them, and the picked warriors to collect together and operate whenever it was thought best. He said that he had several reasons for making this proposition to the Alabama river Indians; one was, that he thought by the time they could take their women and children to Florida and return, that the upper towns, which were almost to a man hostile, except the Netches and Hillabys -- and were principally controlled by the: Ocfuske chief, Menauway, or Ogillis lneha, or Fat Englishman; -- (these were the names of the noted men who headed the Indians at Horse Shoe,) -- that they perhaps would come to terms, and by that means his people would be spared and not so badly broken up, and would be the means of saving the lives of many whites on the thinly settled frontiers; and if the worst came to the worst, that they could carry on the war with less trouble, less danger, and less expense, than to be troubled with their women and children.
But in all this he was overruled by the chiefs. Some of their names I will give you. The oldest and principal chief, the one looked upon as the General, was a Tuskegee, called Hopie Tustanugga, or Far-off-Warrior; he was killed at Fort Mims. The others were Peter McQueen, Jim Boy, or High-head Jim, Illes Harjo, or Josiah Francis, the new made Prophet, the Otisee chief, Nehemarthla-Micco, Paddy Welch, Hossa Yohola, and Seekaboo, the Shawnee Prophet, and many others I could name.
The first thing to be had was ammunition. Peter McQueen, with Jim Boy as his war chief, with a party of Indians, started for Pensacola -- (their numbers have been greatly overrated.) On their route, at Burnt Corn Springs, they took Betsy Coulter, the wife of Jim Cornells, -- (not Alexander Cornells, who was the Government interpreter;) they carried her to Pensacola, and sold her to a French lady, a Madame Barrone. At Pensacola they met up with Zach McGirth, and some of them wanted to kill him. Jim Boy interfered, and said that the man or men who harmed McGirth should die.
Now, recollect, I lived with these people long, and have heard these things over and over. Betsy Coulter lived with me for years, as well as others, who bore their parts on one side or the other. This is history -- it is as true as Gospel -- for I am now and was then a living witness to much of it, and have seen the others who witnessed the balance -- and the witnesses to the other have been dead a long time; and besides, what I have seen and write is nothing more than what is and has been common [knowledge].
But on the return of McQueen's party from Pensacola, the fight took place at Burnt Corn creek between the Indians and at least three times their number of white men; that is, if we take the statements of the two commanders, Col. Collier and Jim Boy. Jim Boy said the war had not fairly broke out, and that they never thought of being attacked; that he did not start with a hundred men, and all of those he did start with were not in the fight. I have heard Jim tell it often, that if the whites had not stopped to gather up pack horses and plunder their camp, and had pursued the Indians a little further, they [the Indians] would have quit and gone off. But the Indians discovered the very great disorder the whites were in, searching for plunder, and they fired a few guns from the creek swamp and a general stampede was the result. McGirth always corroborated Jim Boy's statement as to the number of Indians in the Burnt Corn fight.
I have seen many of those that were in the fight, and they were like the militia that were at Bladensburg -- they died off soon; you never could hear much talk about the battle, unless you met with such a man as Judge Lipscomb, who used to make a laughing matter of it.
Enough of the Burnt Corn battle now. A part of the Indians returned to Pensacola, and some went to the Nation. So soon as those who had gone back the second time to Pensacola returned, they commenced fitting out an expedition to Fort Mims. Weatherford said that he delayed them as much as possible on their march, in order that those in the Fort might be prepared. They took several Negroes on the route, and it was made convenient to let them escape; that he had understood that an officer with some troops had reached Fort Mims, and had quite a strong force, but had no expectation of taking it whatever, until the morning they got within view of the Fort; that he was close enough to the Fort to recognize Jim Cornells -- saw him as he rode up to the Fort and rode off. I have seen Cornells often since and heard him tell it; he rode to the Fort and told Maj. Beasley that he had seen some Indians, and that the Fort would be attacked that day. Maj. Beasley was drunk; he said to Cornells that he had only seen a gang of red cattle. Cornells told the Major that that gang of red cattle would give him a hell of a kick before night. As CornelIs rode off Zach McGirth followed him out, and went to the boat yard; they were looking for a provision boat up, and while McGirth was out the boat was attacked; that is the way he escaped. The Fort gate was open and could not be shut, and a number of the Indians followed a Shawnee (not Seekaboo) who pretended to be a Prophet; he was leathered from top to toe. Dixon Bailey ran up within a few yards of him and placed the Prophet where even the Witch of Endor could not reach him. Some of the Prophet's followers being served in the same way, the rest left the Fort. This I learned from McGirth, Sam Smith and others who were saved and escaped from the Fort, as well as from Jim Boy, Weatherford and others who were engaged in the assault.
The Indians then pretty well ceased operations, and Weatherford, as I have remarked before, left and went off to take charge of his brother's Negroes. After he left, the Shawnee, Seekaboo, and some of the McGillivray Negroes got behind some logs that were near the Fort, kindled a fire, and, by putting rags on their arrows and setting them on fire, would shoot them into the roof of Mims' smokehouse, which was an old building, and formed a part of one line of the Fort. It took fire and communicated it to the other buildings -- and that is the way Fort Mims was destroyed.
Jim Boy succeeded in saving Mrs. McGirth and her daughter, but her only son, James, was killed. Weatherford's taking charge of Tate's negroes gave rise to the report by some whites that there was an understanding between him and Tate that one was to remain with the whites, and the other with the Indians. The report was, no doubt, false, but it ever after caused Tate to be very reserved with most people. I knew Tate well. He, like Weatherford, was an honest man; but many have done him great injustice.
After the Fort fell, and Jim Boy saved Mrs. McGirth and tried to save others, the Indians ran him off, and it was some time before they would be reconciled to him. After plundering the Fort, they scattered in various directions and made their way back to the Nation, except a few.
Historians have elevated Weatherford to a mastermind and major leader of the Red Sticks. But all the evidence suggests that this was not the case. Below you will read of his next notable action, surrender to Andrew Jackson. Had Weatherford truly been the driving force behind the killing at Fort Mims, it is doubtful that he would have survived long in front of Jackson, much less survived to die of natural causes in Baldwin County, Alabama.
The First Expeditions Against the Creeks (October -December 1813)
When the news of the butchery at Fort Mims arrived in Nashville, Augusta, Charleston and New Orleans, the state, territorial and federal governments reacted swiftly. The Creek lands lay within both the 6th Military District (Charleston, under Major General Thomas Pinckney) and 7th Military District (New Orleans, under Brigadier General Thomas Flournoy). A plan was developed to raise four armies and drive into Creek territory from East and West Tennessee, Georgia and New Orleans with all the armies headed for the historic center of the region at the junction of the Coosa and the Tallapoosa. Thus, the Creek nation would be cut into quarters and ravaged along the way. The commanders optimistically believed that the job could be done within the normal three-month enlistment of militia and apparently made little effort to plan for logistical support.
The armies were hurriedly raised under Andrew Jackson (West Tennessee), John Cocke (East Tennessee), John Floyd (Georgia) and Ferdinand Claiborne (New Orleans). Each army was to be about 2,500 men. Jackson was able to respond fastest because of his recent expedition to Natchez, but he was personally drained because of his wounds. His army assembled at Fayetteville, Tennessee on 7 October 1813 and marched over thirty miles per day to Huntsville. Jackson then built a supply post (Fort Deposit) at the southern-most tip of the Tennessee River. The army from East Tennessee was expected to join him here, but Jackson badly wanted to be the first into battle and Cocke did not want to hand his command over to Jackson. Thus, the two men each had motives to avoid link up. Jackson, predictably, plunged ahead over the Raccoon and Lookout Mountains. For those of you not familiar with the terrain of northern Alabama, these mountains are similar to the Blue Ridge only rising about a thousand feet above broad flat river valleys. Moreover, they are synclinal (flat topped) because they are formed by being left behind when the rivers eroded the valleys. Thus, they are not really much of a barrier. Jackson advanced to the Coosa River and built Fort Strother not far from Ten Islands. This was his advanced depot and was within striking distance of the Creeks. He did this all within a month.
On 3 November 1813, Jackson sent a thousand men including David Crocket to encircle the Creek town of Tallushatchee. The force attacked and killed all the adult males in the village (186 men) and took 84 women and children captive. Crocket said “We shot them like dogs” and Lt. Richard Kieth Call described becoming sick to his stomach. It was blood thirsty revenge and nothing more handed out to a village, which had nothing to do with Fort Mims. The men from Tennessee seem to have suffered no casualties. On 9 November 1813, Jackson’s forces surrounded another group of Creeks at Talladega. The story is told that the small village of Talladage (154 people) was being besieged by a large force of Red Sticks and Jackson went to save them. (Why would the Red Sticks siege the village while Jackson was so nearby? How could a village of 154 people hold out against a force of Red Sticks alleged to be over 700 braves?) Nonetheless, there was a battle in which 300 Creeks were killed and the men from Tennessee lost 15 dead and 85 wounded.
Fortunately for the Creeks, Jackson ran out of supplies while waiting at Fort Strother. Jackson withdrew his forces on 17 November to Fort Deposit. There he faced mutiny by 10-12 December. On 12 December 1813, Cocke finally arrived with 1,500 men to relieve Jackson and on 22 December, Governor Blount directed Jackson to abandon Fort Strother and return to Tennessee. Jackson resisted.
Meanwhile, the Georgia army under John Floyd destroyed the Creek village of Auttose on the Tallapossa, but they were attacked by Creeks and sustained about 200 casualties and retired from the war. William Weatherford of the Creeks later described this to T. S. Woodward who was a member of Floyd’s army. Weatherford also described an encounter with the forces coming from New Orleans under Clairborne. The army from New Orleans also fell apart from “desertions” as enlistments ended.
T.S. Woodward described the actions of the Red Sticks from the Creek point of view after the attack on Fort Mims in 1858:
The Indians expected after this that the whites would pour into the Nation from all quarters, and most of them that were at Fort Mims returned to where Robinson had a plantation afterwards, and the place that Moniac had escaped from. The reason why they selected that place was, that there was on the North side of the river Nocoshatchy, or Bear creek, that which afforded the most impenetrable swamps in the whole country. But the movements of the whites were so slow that the Indians grew careless, and a few Indians, with Weatherford and the chief, Hossa Yoholo, and one or two others, made what has been known as the Holy Ground their headquarters. Sometime in December, Gen. Claiborne, piloted by Sam Moniac and an old McGillivray Negro, got near the place before the Indians discovered them. The Indians began to cross their wives and children over the river; they had scarcely time to do that before the army arrived -- a skirmish ensued, and the Indians, losing a few men, gave way in every direction. Weatherford was among the last to quit the place.
…
Weatherford said that after he escaped from the Holy Ground, he began to think over what was next to be done; the Indians were without ammunition, but little to eat, armies marching in from all quarters; the Spaniards at Pensacola seemed afraid to aid them, as they had done at the commencement -- everything seemed to forebode the destruction of him and his people. He fell in with Savannah or Sowanoka Jack, and they consulted together as to what was best. Jack proposed to get as many of their people as they could; that in a few years the whites would entirely surround them; the Spaniards in Florida would afford them no protection. They then agreed to watch the movements of the Georgia army, to see if there could be no chance to get
ammunition. They did so; and waited until Gen. Floyd camped near Calebee. They
had collected the largest number of warriors that had been collected during the war. They saw that Gen. Floyd intended crossing the creek, from his quitting the Tuckabatchy route. The night before the fight, which commenced before day, the Indians camped near what was called McGarth's still-house branch, on the west side of the branch, and held a council. He proposed to wait until the army started to cross the creek, and as the advanced guard reached the hill on the next side, the fire on the guard should be the signal for the attack; that the army was small, and could be attacked on all sides; and that they would at least stand a chance to get hold of the ammunition, if they did not defeat the whites. But to attack the whites in their camp, who were well supplied with ammunition and five pieces of cannon, would be folly, unless the Indians had more ammunition. The chiefs overruled him, and he, with a few Tuskegees, quit the camp and started back, and when he reached Pole Cat Springs he heard the firing commence. It is my belief that had Weatherford's advice been taken, the result of that affair would have been very different; for long before the fight closed, I could understand Indian enough to hear them asking each other to "give me some bullets -- give me powder." The friendly Indians with us did us no good, except Timpoochy Barnard and his Uchees. Jim Boy and Billy McDonald, or Billy McGillivray, as he was best known, said that they had between 1800 and 2000 men; but many of them were without guns, and only had war-clubs and bows and arrows.
The Second Expedition against the Creeks and the Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Driven by ambition more then anything else, Andrew Jackson held a small band of man together into early 1814 at Fort Strother. On 14 January, Jackson received 800 recruits to keep garrison the fort while Blount raised another 2,500 men to be available in March. But 800 men were enough for Jackson to attack the Creeks. Apparently, Jackson was smart enough to realize that the Creeks were not nearly as strong as he led the newspapers and politicians at home to believe. He almost immediately resumed offensive action and by 21 January his force was encamped at Emuckfaw Creek only a few miles north from the Creek redoubt at the Horse Shoe bend of the Tallapoosa River (Tohopeka). He met unexpected resistance and skirmishing during which he apparently lost few if any troops. However, during his withdrawal, he was ambushed at the crossing of Enotachopco Creek where he lost 20 killed and 75 wounded while claiming that 200 Creeks were killed (and counted). (It would be unusual for an ambushing force to allow itself to lose ten time as many troops as the force it ambushed. I would guess that Jackson’s troops may have killed five or ten of the attackers before the Creeks broke off the fight. The Creeks would not have sustained 200 casualties if they could have fled.)
On 6 February 1814, Jackson received the 39th Regiment of U.S. infantry at Fort Strother and by March he had received more men from Tennessee giving him a force of 5,000 men. He also had Cherokee and Chickasaw allies. The army worked to improve the road (Jackson’s Military Road) from Fort Deposit to Fort Strother. With a force of 5,000 men and supplies, Jackson was certainly not in a desperate mode and it was this strength (rather than material weakness) that led him to unnecessarily court martial and execute a young militiaman. Jackson would never have dared to do such a thing in October of 1813 because the army would have turned against him. In any event, on 14 March 1814 he set out again for the Horse Shoe bend; this time with 4,000 men. He moved down the Coosa River until he heard that until he heard that another expedition was headed towards the junction of the Coosa and the Tallapoosa from New Orleans. It was time to capture the prize and declare victory over the Creeks. He moved eastward to the Horse Shoe bend. This location was fairly unique because the Creeks had built a barricade about 8 feet tall with firing port across the neck of a loop in the Tallapoosa. It was a fair fort; unfortunately for the Creeks, without a large supply of guns and ammunition and a cleared field of fire, the wall meant nothing. The Creeks can be forgiven for their ignorance of defensive of fortifications, it was one of the few forts ever built or held by the Native Americans. But, without firepower, it was just a death trap.
Jackson arrived at the fort with over 2,000 men armed with rifles and cannon about 10 AM on 27 March 1813. Realizing that his real task was not to defeat the fort, but rather to prevent the escape of the Creeks, he had sent the Cherokee (led by a Chief Junaluska from western North Carolina and including a young man named George Gist) under his cavalry commander around the outside of the bend and they had swam across the river to capture the Creek’s canoes, which could have been used for escape. At 10:30 the frontal attack began and troops/Cherokee also used the Creek’s canoes to conduct an amphibious assault on the rear of the fort. Soon Jackson’s forces (including a young ensign named Sam Houston who was wounded by an arrow in the attack) was over the wall and destruction of the Creek’s began. All afternoon the attack and killing went on. According to Jackson’s account, offers of surrender were declined. The next day the results looked like this:
Creek dead: 557 by count on the ground, estimated 300 in the river (Jackson estimated that no more than 20 Creek males got away)
Creeks captured: 300 women and children
Jackson’s dead: 47 with 159 wounded (out of about 2000)
Cherokee dead: 23 with 47 wounded (out of a few hundred)
It is relevant that the Cherokee suffered more casualties relative to forces engaged than did Jackson’s main army. Chief Junaluska was credited with “saving Jackson’s life” in the battle. More accurately, the Cherokee ensured his victory.
Jackson savored his victory for a few days on the Coosa and then headed down to the junction with the Tallapoosa to complete his traverse of the Creek territory. The march took from 5 to 18 April and in the end he raised the American flag over the old French Fort Toulouse, which he refurbished and renamed Fort Jackson. The few Creek leaders in the area came in to surrender and William Weatherford learned that he was a wanted man.
The Surrender of “Red Eagle”
As best I can tell, 19th Century historians and local folklore vastly exaggerated the importance of one mister Billy Weatherford who was credited by various authors (1) as being the leader of the Red Stick rebellion, (2) being the mastermind behind the attack on Fort Mims, and (3) as being an exceptionally dynamic, bold and honest leader who valiantly surrendered to General Jackson and was graciously pardoned. To make the story complete, he was identified as “Red Eagle,” which is a name fitting such a important man. All of this appears to be a distortion of the truth. If you have followed the comments from T.S. Woodward, which have the ring of truth and which are likely as close to the events as we will ever get, you realize that the story of Billy Weatherford is barely worth mentioning. I considered totally ignoring it in this document, but I liked the style of General Woodward so much that I decided to tell the story for its insight into the Creeks and as an example of how history gets twisted especially to support the legend of great men like Andrew Jackson. Weatherford’s surrender as told by T.S. Woodward in 1858:
Though Weatherford was still at Moniac's Island when I reached Gen. Jackson's camp, Tom Carr, or Tuskegee Emarthla, came up and learned through Moniac that Billy Weatherford could come in with safety, as Col. Hawkins had taken it upon himself to let the General know who and what he, Weatherford, was… On our return to camp, Weatherford, Tom Carr, Otis Harjo, Catsa Harjo or Mad Tiger, a Coowersartda Chief, and a host of others had come in; so I missed hearing the great speech… There was a talk with the General and Weatherford and some Chiefs, and of course I did not hear it as I was not permitted to be at headquarters at that day, being looked upon as another Indian. But I think I know the purport of the talk as well as anyone living or dead, for I knew both the men well, long after that, and have heard both of them talk it over; and I will give you, as near as I can, what I understood passed at their first interview. Gen. Jackson said to Weatherford, that he was astonished at a man of his good sense, and almost a white man, to take sides with an ignorant set of savages, and being led astray by men who professed to be prophets and gifted with a supernatural influence. And more than all, he had led the Indians and was one of the prime movers of the massacre at Fort Mimms.
Weatherford listened attentively to the General until he was through. He then said to the General, that much had been charged to him that he was innocent of, and that he believed as little in Indian or white prophets as any man living, and that he regretted the unfortunate destruction of Fort Mimms and its inmates as much as he, the General, or anyone else. He said it was true he was at Fort Mimms when the attack was made, and it was but a little while after the attack was made before the hostile Indians seemed inclined to abandon their undertaking; that those in the Fort, and particularly the half breeds under Dixon Bailey, poured such a deadly fire into their ranks as caused them to back out for a short time; at this stage of the fight he, Weatherford, advised them to draw off entirely. He then left to go some few miles to where his half brother, Davy Tate, had some Negroes, to take charge of them, to keep the Indians from scattering them; after he left, the Indians succeeded in firing the Fort, and waited until it burnt so that they could enter it with but little danger. He also said to the General that if he had joined the whites it would have been attributed to cowardice and not thanked. And moreover, it was his object in joining the Indians, that he thought he would in many instances be able to prevent them from committing depredations upon defenseless persons; and but for the mismanagement of those that had charge of the Fort, he would have succeeded, and said, "Now, sir. I have told the truth, if you think I deserve death, do as you please; I shall only beg for the protection of a starving parcel of women and children, and those ignorant men who have been led into the war by their Chiefs." This is as much as I ever learned from the General, and I will proceed to give Weatherford's own statement, which I have often heard him make. …
After it was known that Gen. Jackson would punish anyone that was known to trouble an Indian coming to camp unarmed, and particularly Weatherford, the Indians were put to searching the country for something to eat, particularly those who had been lying out. Moniac was under the impression that he could find some cattle in the neighborhood of his cowpens, on the Pinchong creek. Several Indian countrymen and myself went with the Indians in search of the cattle, Weatherford went with the crowd, and had to get a horse from Barney Riley, having none of his own…At Moniac's cowpens we found no cattle, but killed plenty of deer and turkeys, and picked up the half brother of Jim Boy – George Goodwin.
…[see the story of the battle as described by Weatherford to Woodward above]
The surrender of Weatherford to Gen. Jackson you have had from various sources -- you must judge who you think most correct. I have heard Gen. Jackson say that if he was capable of forming anything like a correct judgment of a man on a short acquaintance, that he pronounced Weatherford to be as high-toned and fearless as any man he had met with -- one whose very nature scorned a mean action. And Gen. Jackson's treatment to Billy Weatherford proved that he believed what he said; for, had Weatherford proved any other than Jackson took him to be, he would have met the fate of Francis and Nehemarthla-Micco.
It appears that Jackson and his supporters (or at least those who supported the goals of removal the Native Americans) elevated the status of William Weatherford as THE leader of the Creeks in the Red Stick War for the purpose of justifying the Treaty of Fort Jackson (i.e., removal of the Creeks to the north and west of the Coosa, see below). Of course, those renegades who had originally given Jackson the excuse to savagely attack the Creeks managed to escape to Spanish Florida seeking aid from the British who were successfully waging war against the Americans in the east. Jackson reported the war west of the Flint River to be ended on 18 April 1813.
General Pinckney arrived at Fort Jackson on 20 April 1813 to assume command of the territory and negotiate the formal treaty. He and Benjamin Hawkins began negotiating/negotiated terms that were more consistent with the situation than Jackson or the land-hungry mob he represented considered acceptable.
Jackson was soon on his way back to Nashville where he continued to bask in the glory of his “heroic” victory. He said goodbye to his troops on the Coosa River at Fort Williams. Jackson became a Major General in the U.S. Army on 18 June 1813 overriding the fact that he was an enemy of the Madison Administration. Riding his wave of popularity in the West and taking advantage of difficulty in communications in that period, Jackson was soon headed back to Fort Jackson.
By 10 July 1813, he was back at Fort Jackson where (through Benjamin Hawkins the Creek Agent) he called a meeting of the Creeks for 1 August. Since the hostile Creeks were in Florida, only the loyal chief attended. Whatever agreements Pinckney had made, Jackson now threw them out. (It is not clear where Pinckney was while all this was happening.) He demanded not only reparations from the entire Creek Nation and he also demanded that they remove themselves from tens of millions of acres of the land. He assured compliance by threatening further destruction (of Creeks who had been peaceful and loyal). The chiefs including Big Warrior put up the best defense possible but signed the agreement on 9 August 1814. On of the first people Jackson wrote to was John Overton, one of his land speculation partners.
Jackson’s Intervention in West Florida (1814)
Jackson clearly wanted an excuse to attack the Spanish in East Florida. The Red Sticks again were invoked as the cause. He concluded the Treaty of Fort Jackson on 9 August and on 11 August 1814, Jackson began his march on Mobile. Although the U.S. was at war with Britain, the nation was not at war with Spain. Thus, Jackson (by any measure now fully out of control) wrote the Spanish Governor (Don Matteo Gonzalez Manrique) of West Florida in Pensacola and insulting and threatening letter concerning Red Sticks that might or might not be present in Spanish territory.
The British were also planning to violate Spanish neutrality by sending an expeditionary force to Mobile with the goal of traversing Creek territory (recently handed over to Tennessee land speculators) and cutting off New Orleans. But Jackson’s arrival at Mobile on 22 August closed the door on that. Thus, the British put a force ashore with Spanish blessing in Pensacola and prepared to attack New Orleans the hard way (up the river).
On 15 September, the British navy made similar mistakes that they made at the first attempt to capture Charles Town, South Carolina in 1776 by sending ships to try to force and entry to Mobile Bay. The attack failed. About this time the British fleet for the invasion of New Orleans sailed from Ireland. This fact was relayed to Madison by the American negotiators trying to negotiate a treaty with the British at Ghent to end the war.
Jackson, however, left Mobile on 25 October attacking to the east, as usual, without orders or coordination. On 6 November, he reached Pensacola. Jackson readily routed the Spanish civil government and two forts manned by the Spanish, but the British (commanded by Col. Nicholls) occupied Fort Barrancas and blew it up after retreating to their ships. The Americans lost 7 dead and the Spanish lost about 14 dead at Pensacola. With the occupation of Mobile and Pensacola, Jackson could claim that the British and Indian threat to the United States in the southeast was ended. He soon returned control of Pensacola to the Spanish civil government and returned to Mobile. This move and his subsequent stay in Mobile was largely prompted by the fact that he had comedown with a fever and was very ill for about 10 days and was then very weak. He sent some of his forces to Baton Rouge from where they could march to protect either Mobile of New Orleans. He also gave instructions to fortify Mobile and New Orleans. But because of his weakness, he decided to call his wife to New Orleans and he moved there where he could be nursed back to health.
However, the British were not finished in Florida. Col. Nicholls abandoned Pensacola and moved east to the mouth of the Apalachicola River that divided East and West Florida.
New Orleans (8 January 1815)
New Orleans was also the proper place for Jackson to be to administer the 7th Military District that he had been assigned as a major general in the U.S. Army. Jackson left Mobile on 22 November 1814 and arrived in New Orleans about 5 December. On 27-28 November, the British dispatched their invasion fleet from Cuba to New Orleans under Admiral Cochrane. Altogether the British had about 14,000 men. The British had decided to approach New Orleans by way of Lake Borgne from which they could enter Lake Pontchartrain. The British entered Lake Borgne on 13 December and soon cleared it of American gunboats by launching armed barges of their own. Jackson declared martial law in New Orleans on 16 December.
The British first occupied Pea Island at the point where Lake Borgne contacts Lake Pontchartrain. Perhaps they needed to do this to reduce the draft of their ships as they navigated into Lake Pontchartrain. This delay allowed Jackson to summons his reserves from Baton Rouge and Mobile. Many American troops began arriving on 20 December; just as the British finished transferring all their troops to Pea Island.
About this time, the British learned that there was a bayou (Bayou Bienvenue) leading from the west end of Lake Borgne directly towards New Orleans. It branched and the branch (Bayou Mazant) led to the Mississippi south of New Orleans. Thus, they changed their plans and sent 1,800 men under Col. Thornton into the bayous on 22 December. This force was accompanied by the overall invasions commander General Keane. They achieved complete surprise at the mouth of the bayou and advanced to within a thousand yards of the Mississippi where they captured the Villiere Plantation. Unfortunately for them, from here the alarm was sounded to New Orleans.
Had the British moved immediately, they might have ended the charmed military career of Andrew Jackson. There was at this time (23 December), little or no defense of New Orleans from the south and the British arrival would have spread panic. But General Keane cautiously dug his forces in on the banks of the Mississippi waiting for his main body to arrive. Jackson realized that this was only the van of a larger force, and to his great credit, in a very brief time managed to assemble and launch a surprise attack that blunted the British thrust on the evening of the 23rd.
Unknown to the combatants at New Orleans, the Americans and British signed the Treaty of Ghent on 14 December 1814. Jackson also wisely decided to fortify the Rodriguez Canal about a mile north of the British position. The British and the Americans faced each other and built up their positions for the next several weeks. On Christmas day, the British got a new commander Lt. General Sir Edward Michael Pakenham. His first order was to bring up artillery to remove the American gunboats on the Mississippi, which threatened his flank anytime he tried to move towards the American fortifications. Although he sank one, the other was merely moved and would be in position to anchor the American line when the British advanced on 26 December. The American firepower stopped the British advance before they closed with the infantry and the British withdrew to consider their next move.
Pakenham attempted to counter firepower with firepower and had several large naval cannon dragged into position from Lake Borgne. This was not completed until 31 December and Jackson used the time to totally mobilize and fortify his southern defenses. On New Years day, the British opened the cannonade, but it soon became clear that they had no advantages over the Americans. The terrain confined the two armies and any attack was going to be governed by the principle of mass: The offense would have to overwhelm the defense with numbers about three to one if they expected to be successful. British reinforcements were on their way, and arrived about 6 January. But the Americans could reinforce faster than the British with about 2,000 fresh American troops coming into the line on 6 January.
The one last hope of British victory was to cross the river and flank the main American line. This was the only tactical move (except for a direct assault, which the British sought to avoid), but it was a very undesirable move strategically because it would put the British on the wrong side of the River to attack New Orleans. Thus, the main British attack must come on the east side of the Mississippi where Jackson was massed. The British began crossing the river on 7 January. The plan was to capture the American positions (especially their artillery) on the west side and turn it on the Americans before and during a general assault of the positions on the east side. The British underestimated the time required to cross the river (among other things they were carried down stream by the current and had to march back up). On 8 January 1815, the general attack by the British on the east began before the British on the west could capture the American guns. It was a disaster. All the senior British officers were wounded and/or died bravely in the cannonade and rifle fire. On the west side of the Mississippi, the British easily (but belatedly) overcame the Americans. The British lost over 2,000 men while the Americans lost only about 13 dead and some of these may have been shot while trying to aid the British after the battle. Once again the British had attacked a strongly defended American position as they had done over and over again during the War of Independence in the South. Perhaps Wellington, took this experience to heart at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815 when he let Napoleon expend the French forces as they unsuccessfully attacked the British infantry squares and fortified positions.
25.3 General Jackson and the Cherokee Nation (1803 - 1824)
Jackson and Hitler
Andrew Jackson retained the racial views of the majority of Euro-Americans of his time. Like Washington, Jefferson, Richard Pearis and wealthy (mixed-blood) Cherokee planters, Jackson was a slave-owner. But, was Jackson a Nazi? By entitling this section “Jackson and Hitler,” I want to draw attention to certain parallels and distinctions between Jackson’s approach to the Native Americans (especially the Cherokee) and Hitler’s approach to the Jews and non-Aryans. In both cases, the concept of Lebensraum (i.e., a manifest destiny to acquire land and resources for a superior race) played a central role in conceiving and justifying the actions of Jackson and Hitler. Jackson won, Hitler lost and history has been written to accommodate the victors:
COUNT ONE: THE COMMON PLAN OR CONSPIRACY
III. Statement of the Offense…
(B) COMMON OBJECTIVES AND METHODS OF CONSPIRACY
The aims and purposes of the Nazi Party and of the defendants and divers other persons from time to time associated as leaders, members, supporters, or adherents of the Nazi Party (hereinafter called collectively the "Nazi conspirators") were, or came to be, to accomplish the following by any means deemed opportune, including unlawful means, and contemplating ultimate resort to threat of force, force, and aggressive war: (i) to abrogate and overthrow the Treaty of Versailles and its restrictions upon the military armament and activity of Germany; (ii) to acquire the territories lost by Germany as the result of the World War of 1914-18 and other territories in Europe asserted by the Nazi conspirators to be occupied principally by so-called "racial Germans"; (iii) to acquire still further territories in continental Europe and elsewhere claimed by the Nazi conspirators to be required by the "racial Germans" as "Lebensraum," or living space, all at the expense of neighboring and other countries.
The aims and purposes of the Nazi conspirators were not fixed or static but-evolved and expanded as they acquired progressively greater power and became able to make more effective application of threats of force and threats of aggressive war. When their expanding aims and purposes became finally so great as to provoke such strength of resistance as could be overthrown only by armed force and aggressive war, and not simply by the opportunistic methods theretofore used, such as fraud, deceit, threats, intimidation, fifth column activities, and propaganda, the Nazi conspirators deliberately planned, determined upon, and launched their aggressive wars and wars in violation of international treaties, agreements, and assurances by the phases and steps hereinafter more particularly described.
Is it really that simple and damning? I have looked for exculpating concepts to rationalize Jackson’s actions and find few:
(1) Jackson himself used the rationale that much of his aggression was conducted as an expedient need for self-defense exercised by preemptive military strikes. He would, of course, also invoke the memory of actions by the native Americans such as Fort Mims. But, can Fort Mims be held against the Cherokee or the main body of the Creeks for that matter? Unfortunately, if allowances are made for differences in timing and perhaps degree of harm, the Jacksonian era from 1813 - 1838 looks very much like the Nazi era from 1933 - 1942. I do not include 1943-1945 because this period was not replicated during the Jackson period. Specifically, we do not know what Jackson would have done had he been placed on the losing side of a great conflict. Suppose Jackson had been beaten at New Orleans and Hitler had won at Stalingrad? Thus, I find little comfort in the self-defense argument.
(2) However, the Nazis carried a racial hatred of the Jews and other non-Aryans that is not found in Jackson. Even in peace and prosperity, Hitler hated Jews and would not have socialized or befriended them. There is no evidence of this racial hatred in Jackson. He just wanted the Native Americans land, he did not specifically intend to do them harm. Perhaps I am saying that Jackson was a thief, but not a murderer.
I don’t expect that reader will much like this discussion and it will not resolve the debate about Jackson’s place in history. That is not really my purpose. What I want to accomplish here is to encourage my readers to think about (i) what they do and say and (ii) how it will be interpreted by future generations.
The Roots of Systematic Removal of the Cherokee (1813 - 1817)
The victory at New Orleans made Jackson into a national hero (not just a Tennessee hero) and it was virtually impossible for his superiors (the Secretary of War or the President) to control or discipline him. Over the next 10 years he would run the military and Indian affairs of the South the way he saw fit. And more and more Jackson’s style was to recant all agreements with the Native Americans and remove them to the west of the Mississippi. Importantly, Jackson’s earlier Treaty of Fort Jackson with the Creeks was an example of punishing the Native Americans without pretext. Being friendly, loyal and even progressing towards assimilation was no longer enough to ensure protection against American expansions and aggression. Why? Basically, by destroying the Creeks and the British and intimidating the Spanish between 1813 and 1815, Jackson had had proven that the western settlers had little or nothing to fear from any of these groups individually or collectively. The Native Americans no longer had any military leverage; it was clear that they could not defend their lands militarily and they could not even cause enough trouble to ensure that the many treaties and agreements, which had been solemnly promised to them by the United States and the individual states, would be enforced.
Perhaps the first manifestation of this came in September 1816. Under the treaty of Fort Jackson, the Creeks had ceded to the U.S. some land that they acknowledged was owned by the Cherokee. The new Secretary of War (William H. Crawford) had recognized the Cherokee claim to this land. On 22 March 1816, he returned this land to the Cherokee along with an agreement to compensate the Cherokee (who had played a large role in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend) for damages to their crops by the Tennessee militia who lived of their crops while passing through the area. Of course, the westerners in general and Jackson in particular we not interested in justice for the Cherokee; they only wanted land. Thus, a commission was appointed to reverse this agreement. On 6 September 1816, Cherokees arrived at the Chickasaw Council House to meet a commission form the U.S. government headed by Andrew Jackson (including General David Meriwether of Georgia and Jesse Franklin of North Carolina). By threatening, bribing and bullying, Jackson got the Cherokee to agree to turn over the land that the U.S. claimed to have won from the Creeks. This treaty was signed on 14 September 1816.
Although the British had made land claims from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean for the original 13 colonies, the British clearly respected the Native Americans as sovereign nations and reserved the right to negotiate treaties with them to the crown. The very fact that the British (and later the Americans) called the agreements “treaties” substantiates the point that the sovereignty of the Native Americans was recognized not withstanding the land claims of the governments or the states. Of course, at the time the land claims were made by the British and by the United States, they could not enforce them with military force nor could they possess the claimed lands by occupation and settlement. Jackson and the men from Tennessee changed all that. As a result, Jackson established his own doctrine concerning the Native Americans. The “Jackson Doctrine” (though it was never known by that name) was stated by Andrew Jackson in a letter to James Monroe 4 March 1817 (quoted from Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire 1767 - 1821, Harper & Row, 1977, New York, p. 326.):
“If they are viewed as an independent nation, possessing the right of sovereignty and domain, then negotiating with them and concluding treaties, would be right and proper. But this is not the fact, all Indians within the Territorial limits of the United States, are considered subject to its sovereignty, and have only a possessory right to the soil, for the purpose of hunting and not the right of domain, hence I conclude that Congress has full power, by law, to regulate all the concerns of the Indians.”
Clearly, Jackson was changing the rules to suit his intent. It is possible that he was ignorant of the long list of treaties with various Native American tribes and nations made by or on behalf of the United States government. It is true that the Cherokee and other tribes had accepted the authority of the United States as their exclusive agent in dealing with the Europeans, but most of the treaties were specifically about the ownership of the land. Even if the Native American Nations did not exist as governments, the individual natives had common ownership rights in the land. For example, a common form of land ownership in the United States in the late 1900s is through “homeowner associations.” Clearly, these associations are subject to all the laws of both the Federal government and the states in which they exist, but that does not mean that the common owners only have the right to , e.g., “hunt” on the property. In the homeowner association, a group of individuals with common interest own jointly and in common a parcel of land which may surround/adjoin other parcels owned fee simple by the individuals alone (not in common). The corporation that holds the common property typically requires architectural covenants on both the common and private property. Although the homeowner associations do not have the right of “eminent domain” or “police powers” over either the commonly owned or the adjoining privately owned property, the state and federal governments which hold these powers cannot arbitrarily dispossess the individuals from either their common or private property. Moreover, the homeowners association cannot make agreements with the government to abolish the private ownership of privately owned (fee simple) parcels that may adjoin or be embedded in the common property.
The mechanism that the United States through Jackson would use to accomplish the removal of the Cherokee would be to invoke and misconstrue obscure terms of an agreement allegedly reached in Washington in 1808 by the Cherokee. Under this treaty, there was a provision for individual Cherokee to voluntarily move to lands west of the Mississippi on the Arkansas River. Over the years, some Cherokee had made the move, which was beneficial to the U.S. government because they formed a buffer to the Spanish and other tribes. Although the U.S. government usually gave land on the frontier to its citizens without compensation and few conditions, in the case of the Cherokee a concession of the land they abandoned was implied although this was never enforced until 1817. The plan was to eliminate land title granted to Cherokee in 1806 by forcing the Cherokee remaining in the East to cede land to compensate the United States for the land granted in the West.
Jackson staged a conference with the Cherokee at Hiwassee on 20 June 1817. He headed a commission that included General Meriweather of Georgia and Governor Joseph McMinn of Tennessee. First, Jackson got the eastern headmen to cede the remaining Cherokee lands in North Carolina to the Federal government. About 30 June, he began the main part of the negotiations in which he insisted that the Cherokee east of the Mississippi should cede lands to the U.S. to compensate for the land occupied by about 3,700 Cherokee immigrants to Arkansas. The Cherokee headmen disputed the nature of the agreement made in 1808. Their position was that they had merely gone to Washington to say good-bye to Thomas Jefferson when he left office and were not empowered to make a treaty at the time (see what Jefferson had said in 1806 below). Jackson of course was happy to bully and bribe. One of the headmen who had gone to Washington in 1808 was Tuchelee. Jackson secured his testimony that the Washington agreement was in fact a binding treaty. In spite of a written denial signed by all the headmen, Jackson persisted and won the day by comparing the Cherokee to the Creeks, implying that the same thing would happen to the Cherokee that happened to the Creeks if they did not see things his way. On 8 July 1817 the Cherokee signed Jackson’s treaty ceding 2 million acres of land in Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia to the U.S. in exchange for land in west of the Mississippi.
This was the beginning of the systematic Cherokee removal by the U.S. government. Over the next two years about 6,000 Cherokee moved west (the Old Settlers). The treaty provided them with a blanket and a rifle. Heads of families who remained east of the Mississippi received 640 acres to hold fee simple and accepted United States citizenship. The principle of “removal” was established and the eventual eradication of the Cherokee Nation east of the Mississippi was in motion.
The Cherokee Removal Treaty of 1817
Articles of a treaty concluded, at the Cherokee Agency, within the Cherokee nation, between mayor general Andrew Jackson, Joseph M'Minn, governor of the state of Tennessee, and general David Meriwether, commissioners plenipotentiary of the United States of America, of the one part, and the chiefs, head men and warriors, of the Cherokee nation, east of the Mississippi river, and the chiefs, head men, and warriors, of the Cherokees on the Arkansas river, and their deputies, John D. Chisholm and James Rogers, duly authorized by the chiefs of the Cherokees on the Arkansas river, in open council, by written power of attorney, duly signed and executed, in presence of Joseph Sevier and William Ware.
WHEREAS in the autumn of the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, a deputation from the Upper and Lower Cherokee towns, duly authorized by their nation, went on to the city of
Washington, the first named to declare to the President of the United States their anxious desire to engage in the pursuits of agriculture and civilized life in the country they then occupied, and to make known to the President of the United States the impracticability of inducing the nation at large to do this, and to request the establishment of a division line between the upper and lower towns, so as to include all the waters of the Hiwassee river to the upper town, that, by thus contracting their society within narrow limits, they proposed to begin the establishment of fixed laws and a regular government: The deputies from the lower towns to make known their desire to continue the hunter life, and also the scarcity of game where they then lived, and, under those circumstances, their wish to remove across the Mississippi river, on some vacant lands of the United States. And whereas the President of the United States, after maturely considering the petitions of both parties, on the ninth day of January, A.D. one thousand eight hundred and nine, including other subjects, answered those petitions as follows: “The United States, my children, are the friends of both parties, and, as far as can be reasonably asked, they are willing to satisfy the wishes of both. Those who remain may be assured of our patronage, our aid and good neighborhood. Those who wish to remove, are permitted to send an exploring party to reconnoitre the country on the waters of the Arkansas and White rivers, and the higher up the better, as they will be the longer unapproached by our settlements, which will begin at the mouths of those rivers. The regular districts of the government of St. Louis are already laid off to the St. Francis. When this party shall have found a tract of country suiting the emigrants, and not claimed by other Indians, we will arrange with them and you the exchange of that for a just portion of the country they leave, and to a part of which, proportioned to their numbers, they have a right. Every aid towards their removal, and what will be necessary for them there, will then be freely administered to them; and when established in their new settlements, we shall still consider them as our children, give them the benefit of exchanging their pelts for what they will want at our factories, and always hold them firmly by the hand." And whereas the Cherokees, relying on the promises of the President of the United States, as above recited, did explore the country on the west side of the Mississippi, and made choice of the country on the Arkansas and White rivers, and settled themselves down upon United States lands, to which no other tribe of Indians have any just claim and have duly notified the President of the United States thereof, and of their anxious desire for the full and complete ratification of his promise, and, to that end, as notified by the President of the United States, have sent on their agents, with full powers to execute a treaty, relinquishing to the United States all the right, title, and interest, to all lands of right to them belonging, as part of the Cherokee nation, which they have left, and which they are about to leave, proportioned to their numbers, including, with those now on the Arkansas, those who are about to remove thither, and to a portion of which they have an equal right agreeably to their numbers.
Now, know ye that the contracting parties, to carry into full effect the before recited promises with good faith, and to promote a continuation of friendship with their brothers on the Arkansas river, and for that purpose to make an equal distribution of the annuities secured to be paid by the United States to the whole Cherokee nation, have agreed and concluded on the following articles, viz:
ART. 1. The chiefs, head men, and warriors, of the whole Cherokee nation, cede to the United States all the lands lying north and east of the following boundaries, viz: Beginning at the high shoals of the Appalachy river, and running thence, along the boundary line between the Creek and Cherokee nations westwardly to the Chatahouchy river; thence, up the Chatahouchy river, to the mouth of Souque creek; thence, continuing with the general course of the river until it reaches the Indian boundary line, and, should it strike the Turrurar river, thence, with its meanders, down said river to its mouth, in part of the proportion of land in the Cherokee nation east of the Mississippi, to which those now on the Arkansas and those about to remove there are justly entitled.
ART. 2. The chiefs head men, and warriors, of the whole Cherokee nation do also cede to the United States all the lands lying north and west of the following boundary lines, viz: Beginning at the Indian boundry line that runs from the north bank of the Tennessee river, opposite to the mouth of Hywassee river, at a point on the top of Walden's ridge, where it divides the waters of the Tennessee river from those of the Sequatchie river; thence, along the said ridge southwardly, to the bank of the Tennessee river, at a point near to a place called the Negro Sugar Camp, opposite to the upper end of the first island above Running Water town; thence, westwardly, a straight line to the mouth of Little Sequatchie river; thence, up said river, to its main fork, thence, up its northenmost fork, to its source; and thence, due west to the Indian boundary line.
ART. 3. It is also stipulated by the contracting parties, that a census shall be taken of the whole Cherokee nation, during the month of June in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighteen, in the following manner, viz: That the census of those on the east side of the Mississippi river, who declare their intention of remaining, shall be taken by a commissioner appointed by the President of the United States, and a commissioner appointed by the Cherokees on the Arkansas river; and the census of the Cherokees on the Arkansas river, and those removing there, and who, at that time, declare their intention of removing there, shall be taken by a commissioner appointed by the President of the United States, and one appointed by the Cherokees east of the Mississippi river.
ART. 4. The contracting parties do also stipulate that the annuity due from the United States to the whole Cherokee nation for the year one thousand eight hundred and eighteen, is to be divided between the two parts of the nation in proportion to their numbers, agreeably to the stipulations contained in the third article of this treaty; and to be continued to be divided thereafter in proportion to their numbers; and the lands to be apportioned and surrendered to the United States agreeably to the aforesaid enumeration, as the proportionate part, agreeably to their numbers, to which those who have removed and who declare their intention to remove, have a just right including these with the lands ceded in the first and second articles of this treaty.
ART. 5. The United States bind themselves in exchange for the lands ceded in the first and second articles hereof, to give to that part of the Cherokee nation on the Arkansas as much land on said river and White river as they have or may hereafter receive from the Cherokee nation east of the Mississippi, acre for acre, as the just proportion due that part of the nation on the Arkansas agreeably to their numbers; which is to commence on the north side of the Arkansas river at the mouth of Point Remove or Budwell's Old Place; thence, by a straight line, northwardly, to strike Chataunga mountain, or the hill first above Shield's Ferry on White river, running up and between said rivers for complement, the banks of which rivers to be the lines; and to have the above line, from the point of beginning to the point on White river, run and marked, which shall be done soon after the ratification of this treaty; and all citizens of the United States, except. P. Lovely, who is to remain where she lives during life, removed from within the bounds as above named. And it is further stipulated, that the treaties heretofore between the Cherokee nation and the United States are to continue in full force with both parts of the nation, and both parts thereof entitled to all the immunities and privilege which the old nation enjoyed under the aforesaid treaties; the United States reserving the right of establishing factories, a military post, and roads within the boundaries above defined.
ART. 6. The United States do also bind themselves to give to all the poor warriors who may remove to the western side of the Mississippi river, one rifle gun and ammunition, one blanket, and one brass kettle, or, in lieu of the brass kettle, a beaver trap, which is to be considered as a full compensation for the improvements which they may leave; which articles are to be delivered at such point as the President of the United States may direct: and to aid in the removal of the emigrants, they further agree to furnish flat bottomed boats and provisions sufficient for that purpose: and to those emigrants whose improvements add real value to their lands, the United States agree to pay a full valuation for the same, which is to be ascertained by a commissioner appointed by the President of the United States for that purpose, and paid for as soon after the ratification of this treaty as practicable. The boats and provisions promised to the emigrants are to be furnished by the agent on the Tennessee river, at such time and place as the emigrants may notify him of; and it shall be his duty to furnish the same.
ART. 7. And for all improvements which add real value to the lands lying within the boundaries ceded to the United States, by the first and second articles of this treaty, the United States do agree to pay for at the time, and to be valued in the same manner, as stipulated-in the sixth article of this treaty; or, in lieu thereof, to give in exchange improvements of equal value which the migrants may leave, and for which they are to receive pay. And it is further stipulated that all these improvements, left by the emigrants within the bounds of the Cherokee nation east of the Mississippi river, which add real value to the lands, and for which the United States shall give a consideration, and not so exchanged shall be rented to the Indians by the agent, year after year, for the benefit of the poor and decrepit of that part of the nation east of the Mississippi river until surrendered by the nation, or to the nation. And it is further agreed, that the said Cherokee nation shall not be called upon for any part of the consideration paid for said improvements at any future period.
ART. 8. And to each and every head of any Indian family residing on the east side of the Mississippi river, on the lands that are now or may hereafter be surrendered to the United States, who may wish to become citizens of the United States, the United States do agree to give a reservation of six hundred and forty acres of land in a square to include their improvements which are to be as near the center thereof as practicable, in which they will have a life estate with a reversion in fee simple to their children reserving to the widow her dower, the register of whose names is to be filed in the office of the Cherokee agent, which shall be kept open until the census is taken as stipulated in the third article of this treaty. Provided, That if any of the heads of families, for whom reservations may be made, should remove therefrom, then, in that case the right to revert to the United States. And provided further, That the land which may be reserved under this article, be deducted from the amount which has been ceded under the first and second articles of this treaty.
ART. 9. It is also provided by the contracting parties, that nothing in the foregoing articles shall be construed so as to prevent any of the parties so contracting from the free navigation of all the waters mentioned therein.
ART. 10. The whole of the Cherokee nation do hereby cede to the United States all right, title, and claim, to all reservations made to Doublehead and others, which were reserved to them by a treaty made and entered into at the city of Washington, bearing date the seventh of January, one thousand eight hundred and six.
ART. 11. It is further agreed that the boundary lines of the lands ceded to the United States by the first and second articles of this treaty, and the boundary line of the lands ceded by the United States in the fifth article of this treaty, is to be run and marked by a commissioner or commissioners appointed by the President of the United States, who shall be accompanied by such commissioners as the Cherokees may appoint; due notice thereof to be given to the nation.
ART. 12. The United States do also bind themselves to prevent the intrusion of any of its citizens within the lands ceded by the first and second articles of this treaty, until the same shall be ratified by the President and Senate of the United States, and duly promulgated.
ART. 13. The contracting parties do also stipulate that this treaty shall take effect and be obligatory on the contracting parties so soon as the same shall be ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States. In witness of all and every thing herein determined, by and between the before recited contracting parties, we have, in full and open council, at the Cherokee Agency, this eighth day of July, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and seventeen, set our hands and seals.
Andrew Jackson, [L. S.]
Joseph McMinn, [L. S.]
D. Meriwether, [L. S.]
United States Commis'rs.
Richard Brown, his x mark, [L. S.]
Cabbin Smith, his x mark, [L. S.]
Sleeping Rabbit, his x mark, [L. S.]
George Saunders, his x mark, [L. S.]
Roman Nose, his x mark, [L. S.]
Currohe Dick, his x mark, [L. S.]
John Walker, his x mark, [L. S.]
George Lowry, [L. S.]
Richard Taylor, [L. S.]
Walter Adair, [L. S.]
James Brown, [L. S.]
Kelachule, his x mark, [L. S.]
Sour Mush, his x mark, [L. S.]
Chulioa, his x mark, [L. S.]
Chickasautchee, his x mark, [L. S.]
The Bark of Chota, his x mark, [L. S.]
The Bark of Hightower, his x mark, [L. S.]
Big Half Breed, his x mark, [L. S.]
Going Snake, his x mark, [L. S.]
Leyestisky, his x mark, [L. S.]
Ch. Hicks, [L. S.]
Young Davis, his x mark, [L. S.]
Souanooka, his x mark, [L. S.]
The Locust, his x mark, [L. S.]
Beaver Carrier, his x mark, [L. S.]
Dreadful Water, his x mark, [L. S.]
Chyula, his x mark, [L. S.]
Ja. Martin, [L. S.]
John McIntosh, his x mark, [L. S.]
Katchee of Cowee, his x mark, [L. S.]
White Man Killer, his x mark, [L. S.]
Arkansas chiefs:
Toochalar, his x mark, [L. S.]
The Glass, his x mark, [L. S.]
Wassosee, his x mark, [L. S.]
John Jolly, his x mark,[L. S.]
The Gourd, his x mark, [L. S.]
Spring Frog, his x mark, [L. S.]
John D. Chisholm, [L. S.]
James Rogers, [L. S.]
Wawhatchy, his x mark, [L. S.]
Attalona, his x mark, [L. S.]
Kulsuttchee, his x mark, [L. S.]
Tuskekeetchee, his x mark, [L. S.]
Chillawgatchee, his x mark, [L. S.]
John Smith, his x mark, [L. S.]
Toosawallata, his x mark, [L. S.]
In presence of--
J.M. Glassel, secretary to the commission,
Thomas Wilson, clerk to the commissioners,
Walter Adair, John Speirs, interpreter, his x mark,
A. McCoy, interpreter,
James C. Bronaugh, hospital surgeon, U. S. Army,
Isham Randolph, captain First Redoubtables, Wm. Meriwether,
Return J. Meigs, agent Cherokee Nation.
Produced by the Oklahoma State University Library, 1997.
URL: http://www.library.okstate.edu/kappler/
Part 26: The Parris Families from Ninety-Six District, South Carolina
26.1 George Parris (b. circa 1754 – d. after 1819)
It is time to catch up with the Parris family line again. Richard Pearis lived until 1794. At the time of his death, he was living in the Bahamas and still conducting business with the Native Americans (the Creeks) on behalf of the British Government. His Cherokee son George Parris was born in 1754 and lived with his mother until Richard moved his family to what is not Greenville, South Carolina between 1763 and 1768. At that point, there must have been an interesting conflict in the Pearis household because Richard clearly acknowledged his Cherokee son (and daughter Nelly ) and still had his European wife Rhoda with two daughters (Sara and Margaret). About 1765, Richard and Rhoda had a son named Richard, Junior. By all indications, Richard was loyal to all the relationships; but in the end, he was European and his will did not mention George or Nelly. However, he had ensured that George Parris had title to 50,000 acres of land in a deed registered in Charles Town (now Charleston).
Moreover, George Parris was possibly unique among the many mixed-blood children of the South Carolina-Georgia frontier in that he had been sent to England (if only very briefly) before the War of Independence to become a naturalized British citizen. During the war, George first became entangled with the Cunningham group and was captured in late 1775. Richard was taken prisoner (apparently while minding his own business attempting to remain neutral). Richard and George were likely imprisoned together in Charleston from January to August 1776.
Richard then tried to collect his family and after some difficulty moved them into Charleston from which he set out to organize Tories in Ninety-Six District. His plot was foiled and Richard set out for West Florida with a small group on foot. In all likelihood, George had returned into the Cherokee territory after his parole in August 1776 to find his mother and take part in the resistance to Euro-American invasions. When Richard fled South Carolina, it is likely that his first stop was to find George Parris . It is likely that George Parris accompanied his father to Florida and thence to Louisiana where Richard led a small force that captured a Spanish fort near present-day Baton Rouge. Regardless, by 1777, George Parris soon turned up in the service of the Georgia Loyalist Militia (King’s Rangers) under the leadership of Thomas Browne.
With the resurgence of British and Loyalists’ fortunes after the capture of Charleston, George and Richard were reunited at Augusta. Richard apparently realized the folly of Patrick Ferguson and George Parris avoided the fate of the Loyalists’ defeat at Kings Mountain (where this story might have ended). Instead, the Pearis/Parris boys were again captured with the fall of Augusta and Richard (and likely George) were paroled to Savannah. After the war (1782), Richard made his way to East Florida and then to the Bahamas.
The private life of George Parris from 1776-1793 is obscure. Obviously, during the War of Independence, he was in and out of north Georgia and South Carolina (Ninety-Six District). During this time, he made friends with some of the young men who would soon take over the Cherokee tribe and try to build it into a nation (e.g., Vann, Ross and Ridge). But, George Parris easily crossed the line between Cherokee and European society. This facility would allow him to become a successful trader between Georgia and South Carolina. I believe that from 1776 (22 years old) to 1793 (39 years old), he was “mainly single,” but fathered children primarily among the daughters of Loyalists Europeans (e.g., Cunninghams) and Cherokee in what became Spartanburg and Greenville counties, South Carolina. Obviously, the Patriots (who were now in political power) were no friends of George Parris. By about 1793, he had a wife in Cherokee territory near Vann’s Ferry on the Chattahoochee River (present Forsyth County, Georgia). Ironically, the Cherokee records seem to be better than those of upstate South Carolina. It is apparent that he never (successfully) asserted his claim to his rightful property (Great Plains). It appears that most of this land was held by the state of South Carolina and eventually became “Paris Mountain State Park. ” Part of the Pearis/Parris property was acquired by Col. Lemuel J. Alston in 1788. Mr. Alston was the brother of the South Carolina Governor (Joseph Alston). Alston laid out a village called Pleasantburg at the site of Richard Pearis’s mill in 1797. Pleasantburg eventually grew into Greenville.
George Parris finally broke all ties with South Carolina in 1809 when he was made a executor of Chief Vann’s will. He left what business he had in the hands of an attorney in Edgefield County, SC and focused on Georgia. He likely played no role in the War of 1812 (against the Creeks, 1814) although some of his sons in Georgia may have. In 1819, (at the age of 65) he received a private estate where he could maintain his Cherokee citizenship in Georgia as part of the Treaty of 1819.
26.2 The Legacy of George Parris in South Carolina
The story that I have told brings us to the period 1775-1800 in up-state South Carolina. From here I believe the Parris family went two ways. The earlier children of George Parris (1778-1793) I believe were born without record and probably out of wedlock in territory controlled (or recently controlled) by the Cherokee. For many years (1775-1805), it probably looked to George Parris and the mothers of his children as though the best option would be to assimilate into European society and lose the stigma of being a Loyalist supporter. Accordingly, I believe the early children of George Parris settled in up-state South Carolina on lands recently brought under control of the United States and when the Cherokee were displaced from western North Carolina (Haywood-Jackson-Swain counties) they were among the first to follow this tide of settlement.
However, in the early 1800s, the Young Chiefs (Vann, Ross and Ridge) looked as if they were going to bring the Cherokee Nation into fruition in north Georgia. The Federal Highway provided an effective trade route from Nashville to Charlestown and north Georgia was well suited for the cotton-based economy. The Cherokee leadership in north Georgia was in many way a privileged European class who enjoyed the tax-free Cherokee status although they were only fractionally Cherokee by blood or culture. Thus, by the early 1800s, George Parris more closely associated himself with his Cherokee roots and eventually moved into north Georgia.
This hypothesis is difficult or impossible to prove or disprove. In the absence of documentation through civil records, the approach that I have taken is to look at the current (1999) recent past (1900-1950) distribution of Parris families in the South and nationwide . Referring to the following tables, it soon becomes evident that (1) Parris is a fairly rare name; (2) it is not randomly distributed across the country, (3) it is represented at unusually high rates in up-state South Carolina, western North Carolina, north Georgia, and east-central Alabama and eastern Tennessee. There are currently over 300 Parris families in old Ninety-Six District of South Carolina compared to only about 200 Parris families in all of New England and up-state New York combined. For comparison, the Paris name is mainly found in Tennessee and Kentucky with a pocket located in the area between Hendersonville and Charlotte, North Carolina. These are facts. In addition, the following arguments seem plausible. We cannot rule out unrelated Parris families entering the area (i.e., up-state South Carolina), but in the absence of any other major concentration of Parris men, such events would be the exception, not the rule. Cities that grew up after 1800 (e.g., Columbia, SC; Charlotte, NC; Birmingham, AL and even Atlanta, GA) usually do not have many Parris families. In short, the distribution that is observed is what one would expect if the name “Parris” was spontaneously invented in Spartanburg, South Carolina about 1775. Moreover, it was invented among people who were on the fringe of Cherokee and European society.
I would guess that George Parris (and Henry Parris) fathered several boys (between 1777 and 1793) probably with several women. These women were likely mixed-blood or the daughters of other Carolina Loyalists . There is very little information about this period (1776-1793) in up-state South Carolina. My suspicion is that in the period 1776-1783 (while the war was in doubt), George Parris would have been considered to be a great catch by the ladies: He spoke Cherokee and English; he was a naturalized British citizen; he had title to a large tract of land that was recognized by both the Cherokee and the British; he was well connected via his father (Richard) and uncle (Robert). And, he was alive, which is more than can be said for many of the Cherokee youth that would have been between 18 and 30 years old in 1776. The “Cherokee War” had taken the lives of many young Cherokee men and quite a few Loyalists who followed Ferguson to Kings Mountain.
I believe that George Parris’s first son was David Parris (b. 1778, who first appears in the records in Haywood County, NC about 1830 ). There were undoubtedly brothers/half-brothers of David Parris in Spatanburg County and Old Ninety-Six District born between 1778 and 1793.
Distribution of Parris and Paris Households in the Southeastern States
1998
based on www.swithboard.com data base
Group
City
[population 1980
rounded]
State
Approximate Number of
Parris (Paris)
Households
**********************
26.3 George Parris’s Family in Georgia
When James Vann was killed in 1809, Parris was identified as the executor of his will (which suggest that Vann trusted Parris as much as any man he knew) and moved to Georgia near James Vann’s Ferry on the Chattahoochee River. More correctly, he severed his ties with South Carolina. He designated Charles Goodwin (an attorney in Edgefield County, South Carolina) to take care of his business there.
The children of George Parris in South Carolina were then presented with two options, follow their father to Georgia or attempt to assimilate in the Carolinas. Since, most of these children were not raised as Cherokee, they had little choice but to stay in South Carolina at least temporarily.
George Parris was 58 years old by the time of the War of 1812 and the Cheek War. Thus, he likely played no role. Indeed, he became identified as one of the senior (leading) citizens among the Cherokee. When the Cherokee ceded most of north Georgia to the United States in 1819, George Parris was allowed to remain on a 640-acre homestead and retain his Cherokee status. This privilege was given to only 5 people in Georgia (2 in North Carolina, 4 in Alabama territory, and 20 in Tennessee). These people all seemed to be “senior citizens” and were likely regarded as harmless by the Europeans.
Cherokee Removal Treaty of 1819
Articles of a convention made between John C. Calhoun Secretary of War, being specially authorized therefor by the President of the United States, and the undersigned Chiefs and Head Men of the Cherokee nation of Indians, duly authorized and empowered by said nation, at the City of Washington, on the twenty-seventh day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and nineteen.
WHEREAS a greater part of the Cherokee nation have expressed an earnest desire to remain on this side of the Mississippi, and being desirous, in order to commence those measures which they deem necessary to the civilization and preservation of their nation, that the treaty between the United States and them, signed the eighth of July, eighteen hundred and seventeen, might, without further delay, or the trouble or expense of taking the census, as stipulated in the said treaty, be finally adjusted, have offered to cede to the United States a tract of country at least as extensive as that which they probably are entitled to under its provisions, the contracting parties have agreed to and concluded the following articles.
ART. 1. The Cherokee nation cedes to the United States all of their lands lying north and east of the following line, viz: Beginning on the Tennessee river, at the point where the Cherokee boundary with Madison county, in the Alabama territory, joins the same; thence, along the main channel of said river, to the mouth of the Highwassee; thence, along its main channel, to the first hill which closes in on said river, about two miles above Highwassee Old Town; thence, along the ridge which divides the waters of the Highwassee and Little Tellico, to the Tennessee river, at Tallassee; thence, along the main channel, to the junction of the Cowee and Nanteyalee; thence, along the ridge in the fork of said river, to the top of the Blue Ridge; thence, along the Blue Ridge to the Unicoy Turnpike Road; thence, by a straight line, to the nearest main source of the Chestatee; thence, along its main channel, to the Chatahouchee; and thence to the Creek boundary; it being understood that all the islands in the Chestatee, and the parts of the Tennessee and Highwassee, (with the exception of Jolly's Island, in the Tennessee, near the mouth of the Highwassee,) which constitute a portion of the present boundary, belong to the Cherokee nation; and it is also understood, that the reservations contained in the second article of the treaty of Tellico, signed the twenty-fifth October, eighteen hundred and five, and a tract equal to twelve miles square, to be located by commencing at the point formed by the intersection of the boundary line of Madison county, already mentioned, and the north bank of the Tennessee river; thence, along the said line, and up the said river twelve miles, are ceded to the United States, in trust for the Cherokee nation as a school fund; to be sold by the United States, and the proceeds vested as is hereafter provided in the fourth article of this treaty; and, also, that the rights vested in the Unicoy Turnpike Company, by the Cherokee nation, according to certified copies of the instruments securing the rights, and herewith annexed, are not to be affected by this treaty; and it is further understood and agreed by the said parties, that the lands hereby ceded by the Cherokee nation, are in full satisfaction of all claims which the United States have on them, on account of the cession to a part of their nation who have or may hereafter emigrate to the Arkansas; and this treaty is a final adjustment of that of the eighth of July, eighteen hundred and seventeen.
ART. 2. The United States agree to pay, according to the stipulations contained in the treaty of the eighth of July, eighteen hundred and seventeen, for all improvements on land lying within the country ceded by the Cherokees, which add real value to the land, and do agree to allow a reservation of six hundred and forty acres to each head of any Indian family residing within the ceded territory, those enrolled for the Arkansas excepted, who choose to become citizens of the United States, in the manner stipulated in said treaty.
ART. 3. It is also understood and agreed by the contracting parties, that a reservation, in fee simple, of six hundred and forty acres square, with the exception of Major Walker's, which is to be located as is hereafter provided, to include their improvements, and which are to be as near the center thereof as possible, shall be made to each of the persons whose names are inscribed on the certified list annexed to this treaty, all of whom are believed to he persons of industry, and capable of managing their property with discretion, and have, with few exceptions, made considerable improvements on the tracts reserved. The reservations are made on the condition, that those for whom they are intended shall notify, in writing, to the agent for the Cherokee nation, within six months after the ratification of this treaty, that it is their intention to continue to reside permanently on the land reserved. The reservation for Lewis Ross, so to be laid off as to include his house, and out-buildings, and ferry adjoining the Cherokee agency, reserving to the United States all the public property there, and the continuance of the said agency where it now is, during the pleasure of the government; and Major Walker's, so as to include his dwelling house and ferry: for Major Walker an additional reservation is made of six hundred and forty acres square, to include his grist and saw mill; the land is poor, and principally valuable for its timber. In addition to the above reservations, the following are made, in fee simple; the persons for whom they are intended not residing on the same: To Cabbin Smith, six hundred and forty acres, to be laid off in equal parts, on both sides of his ferry on Tellico, commonly called Blair's ferry; to John Ross, six hundred and forty acres, to be laid off so as to include the Big Island in Tennessee river, being the first below Tellico-which tracts of land were given many years since, by the Cherokee nation, to them; to Mrs. Eliza Ross, step daughter of Major Walker, six hundred and forty acres square, to be located on the river below and adjoining Major Walker's; to Margaret Morgan, six hundred and forty acres square, to be located on the west of, and adjoining, James Riley's reservation; to George Harlin, six hundred and forty acres square, to be located west of, and adjoining, the reservation of Margaret Morgan; to James Lowry, six hundred and forty acres square, to be located at Crow Mocker's old place, at the foot of Cumberland mountain; to Susannah Lowry, six hundred and forty acres, to be located at the Toll Bridge on Battle Creek; to Nicholas Byers, six hundred and forty acres, including the Toqua Island, to be located on the north bank of the Tennessee, opposite to said Island.
ART. 4. The United States stipulate that the reservations, and the tract reserved for a school fund, in the first article of this treaty, shall be surveyed and sold in the same manner, and on the same terms, with the public lands of the United States, and the proceeds vested, under the direction of the President of the United States, in the stock of the United States, or such other stock as he may deem most advantageous to the Cherokee nation. The interest or dividend on said stock, shall be applied, under his direction, in the manner which he shall judge best calculated to diffuse the benefits of education among the Cherokee nation on this side of the Mississippi.
ART. 5. It is agreed that such boundary lines as may be necessary to designate the lands ceded by the first article of this treaty, may be run by a commissioner or commissioners to be appointed by the President of the United States, who shall be accompanied by such commissioners as the Cherokees may appoint, due notice thereof to be given to the nation, and that the leases which have been made under the treaty of the eighth of July, eighteen hundred and seventeen, of land lying within the portion of country reserved to the Cherokees, to be void; and that all white people who have intruded, or may hereafter intrude, on the lands reserved for the Cherokees, shall be removed by the United States, and proceeded against according to the provisions of the act passed thirtieth March, eighteen hundred and two, entitled “An act to regulate trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes, and to preserve peace on the frontiers."
ART. 6. The contracting parties agree that the annuity to the Cherokee nation shall be paid, two-thirds to the Cherokees east of the Mississippi, and one-third to the Cherokees west of that river, as it is estimated that those who have emigrated, and who nave enrolled for emigration, constitute one-third of the whole nation; but if the Cherokees west of the Mississippi object to this distribution, of which due notice shall be given them, before the expiration of one year after the ratification of this treaty, then the census, solely for distributing the annuity, shall be taken at such times, and in such manner, as the President of the United States may designate.
ART. 7. The United States, in order to afford the Cherokees who reside on the lands ceded by this treaty, time to cultivate their crop next summer, and for those who do not choose to take reservations, to remove, bind themselves to prevent the intrusion of their citizens on the ceded land before the first of January next.
ART. 8. This treaty to be binding on the contracting parties so soon as it is ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.
Done at the place, and on the day and year, above written.
J.C. Calhoun
Ch. Hicks, [L. S.] Gideon Morgan, jr. [L. S.]
Jno. Ross, [L. S.] Cabbin Smith, his x mark, [L. S.]
Lewis Ross, [L. S.] Sleeping Rabbit, his x mark, [L. S.]
John Martin, [L. S.] Small Wood, his x mark, [L. S.]
James Brown, [L. S.] John Walker, his x mark, [L. S.]
Geo. Lowry, [L. S.] Currohee Dick, his x mark, [L. S.]
Witnesses:
Return J. Meigs,
C. Vandeventer,
Elias Earle,
John Lowry
List of persons referred to in the 3d article of the annexed Treaty
North Carolina
Richard Walker
Yonah, alias Big Bear
Georgia
John Martin
Peter Linch
Daniel Davis
John Walker
George Parris
Walter S. Adair
Alabama
Thos. Wilson
Richard Riley
James Riley
Edward Gunter
Tennessee
Robert McLemore
John Baldridge
Lewis Ross
Fox Taylor
David Fields, (to include his mill,)
James Brown, (to include his field by
The long pond)
William Brown
John Brown
Elizabeth Lowry
George Lowry
John Benge
Mrs. Eliz. Peck
John Walker Jr. (unmarried,)
Richard Taylor
John McIntosh
Samuel Parks
James Starr
The Old Bark, (of Chota)
Rd Timberlake
I hereby certify, that I am, either personally, or by information on which I can rely, acquainted with the persons before named, all of whom I believe to be persons of industry, and capable of managing their property with discretion; and who have, with few exceptions, long resided on the tracts reserved, and made considerable improvements thereon.
RETURN J. MEIGS,
Agent in the Cherokee nation
George Parris’s Georgia homestead protected by the Treaty of 1819 was on Baldridge Creek west of the Chattahoochee River (later 14th District of Forsyth County). It is not clear when or where he married, but he had at least two wives in Georgia both with Cherokee blood. Some research indicates that Caty Baldridge (of Baldridge Creek, present-day Forsyth Co., GA) and her sister were his wives. Other information points towards mixed-blood daughters of Aaron Price. George Parris (Sr.) fathered at least these children in north Georgia:
Aaron
William
Moses (circa 1794 - 1868)
Robert (16 December 1794 - 12 February 1858)
Caty
George, Jr.
Jesse
Nelly
Most likely these would have been born between 1790 and 1800. Moses and Robert have documented descendants. No doubt, many others sprang from the other Parris children.
Robert Parris (1794 - 1858)
Focusing on Robert Parris (1794 - 1858), registered for a 640-acre life estate on 28 November 1818. The homestead was located below Vann’s Ferry on the Chattahoochee River. This claim was later presented to the First Board of Commissioners at New Echota.
Robert Parris (like his father) had at least two (mixed-blood?) wives:
His first was Penelope (Penny) Langley (probably a daughter of Noah Langley and Annie Self). They apparently lived on Baldridge Creek. In 1818, he had five members in his family when he applied for a life estate.
His second wife was Hester Blackwell (born about 1800). She and Robert apparently set up housekeeping on Noonday Creek. They enrolled to emigrate to the west on 17 February 1832 with nine family members. Hester ended up in the Goingsnake District of the western Cherokee Nation.
The following children seem to have been from Robert Parris’s first marriage (est. 1802 - 1820):
Malachi (Malorey) Parris (born circa 1813 - 4 October 1864) first emigrated to Oklahoma (Goingsnake District) in 1832, but he returned to Forsyth Co. Georgia in 1836. In Forsyth Co. Georgia, he married Mahala Morton (b. July 1812 in Pendleton District, SC - d. 25 December 1892 Adair Co., OK) on 23 March 1837. They apparently moved to Lumpkin Co. Georgia about 1842 after they lost their home to foreclosure. In Lumpkin Co., he was a weighmaster in the Cherokee Gold Mine; and in 1851-52, he was enrolled as an Eastern Cherokee by agents David Siler and Alfred Chapman. From there, he returned to Oklahoma just before or during the War Between the States. This proved to be a bad move as he was caught up in the Cherokee Civil War and lynched near Cane Hill, Arkansas. Malachi and Mahala left ten children: Henry (1837 -1839), Salina Emaline (1838 - 1892), Robert S. (Bob) (1840 - 1869), Mary Ann (1841 - 1928), Malachi (Wade) Jr. (1843 -), Moses Oliver (1845 -), Martha Luiza (1847 - 1933), Gatsey Louisa (1849 - 1928), Nancy Pauline (1851 - ), Letha Mae (1856 - before 1890).
George W. Parris (Sr., b. circa 1814 - 8 March 1895) married Annie McLaughlin and had twelve children: Letha, Andrew, Hester, Celia, James, George W. Jr. (Bud), Polly Ann, Nellie, Rachel, Sarah Jane, William, John. George W. Parris, Sr., George W. Parris, Jr. and perhaps other children joined the Cherokee Legion Georgia State Guards during the War between the States. Their names appear on the rosters as “Pearce” and/or “Pierce”. These are common phonetic misspellings of the name “Parris” depending upon pronunciation . From records compiled by C. Pat Cates (1997) on the Cherokee Legion, it appears that George W. Senior (who would have been about 49 years old at the time) joined the Legion as a sergeant under Captain Brewster in Canton, GA on 22 July 1863 , , . George W. Junior (who was probably in his early twenties) joined Company F, 2nd Regiment, Georgia Volunteer Infantry (Cherokee Brown Riflemen) and was in the regimental band on 15 May 1861. He was wounded at Garnett’s Farm, Virginia 27 June 1862 and apparently returned home to recover. He was recalled to duty 15 September 1863.
Moses O. Parris. No data.
Henry Parris (b. 21 June 1821).
This is consistent with having a family of five in 1818. Robert Parris’s second family seems to have started about 1825 with his second wife:
Gatsey Ann Parris (1826 - 1879).
Eliza Parris ( - d. 1862). Numerous children.
Lethie Parris.
Robert Parris ( - d. circa 1865).
Peggy Parris.
Nancy (Nannie) Parris.
Moses Parris (circa 1794 - 1868)
Moses is the only other son of George Parris, Sr. in Georgia for whom much information is available. He married Annie Wicket and then married Mary Langley (b. 1810 - 13). If the records in Unhallowed Intrusion are correct, Moses Parris had a son named George W. Parris (1812 - 20 September 1869) who was about two years older than his first cousin by the same name (Robert’s son, see above). This George W. Parris also was in Forsyth Co. Georgia and married Matilda Hubbard on 8 January 1835. They had eight children including Zachariah Taylor Parris (1849 - 1891).
Obviously, the records of the children of George Parris, Sr. (son of Richard Pearis) are incomplete. The two sons who are best known were born and raised in present-day Forsyth County, Georgia. George Parris, Sr. must have had some tie to (Old Ninety-Six District) Edgefield Co., South Carolina up until 1809, but no records have been found of deeds etc.
26.4 Organization of North Georgia to 1838
East of the Oconee River:
Wilkes County (1777) and Frankin County (1784)
North Georgia was originally part of South Carolina, but the Charleston planters never had much interest in the lands infested with Cherokee and Creek south and west of the Savannah River and soon ceded it to Georgia. Not much happened until the Americans declared independence from Britain in 1776, and everything was tentative until the treaty was signed in 1783. Wilkes County was founded in 1777 from a cession from the Creeks and Cherokee (1 June 1773). The end of the war and Cherokee session of 31 May 1783 made way for Franklin County in 1784. Concurrently (1784), Washington County was formed to the south from a Creek cession.
These counties were subdivided to produce Greene County (1786), Elbert (1790), Hancock (1793), Montgomery (1793), Oglethorpe (1793), Lincoln (1796), Jackson (1796), Jefferson (1796) Clarke (1801), Tattnall (1801), and Madison (1811).
The Georgia Land Lotteries of 1805 and 1807 opened lands immediately to the west of the Oconee River and south of the Chattahoochee River for settlement. These lotteries set the tone foe bigger lotteries in 1820 and 1821.
Between the Oconee River and the Chattahoochee River:
Habersham , Hall and Gwinnett Counties (1818)
The Cherokee flourished in the from 1783 through 1817. The Federal Highway was an important route of commerce from Charleston, Savannah and Augusta to Tennessee (Nashville and the Tennessee River at Chattanooga). James Vann was one of the most successful businessmen along the road. He owned and operated inns and ferries that catered to the traveler as well as a cotton plantation. The Vann Ferry on the Chattahoochee River was the gateway to Cherokee territory. This was merely emphasized in 1817 with the cession of lands between the Oconee River and the Chattahoochee River. These lands were quickly organized by the Georgians into Hall, Habersham and Gwinnett Counties in 1818.
The 1820 and 1821 Land Lotteries
In 1820 Georgia establishes a land lottery to disperse lands in the recent Cherokee cession in the north and a large Cheek cession in the south to settlers. With these lotteries Europeans (U.S. citizens) moved onto 250 lots in the present-day counties of Raburn, Habersham, White, Hall, Gwinnett, Dekalb, etc.
Cherokee County (1830-1838)
As early as 1830, the Georgians were exerting administrative control over the territory north and west of the Chattahoochee River. The cession of 29 December 1835, opened the area for full settlement. But, even before then, Cherokee County was being subdivided.
The 1832 Land Lottery
The 1832 Georgia land lottery dispersed settlers onto lot of 100 to 160 acres in four sectional subdivisions of Cherokee County. These sections were soon organized as counties.
First section: Union, Lumpkin and Forsyth Counties;
Second Section: Gilmer, Cherokee and Cobb Counties;
Third Section: eastern Murray and Cass Counties;
Fourth Section: western Murray; Floyd; and Paulding Counties.
But, weren’t Cherokee already living on these lands? Of course, there were. Therein we find the seeds of the Treaty of New Echota (1836) and the removal of the Cherokee (1838).
Dahlonega, Lumpkin County, Georgia (1832)
Benjamin Parks was out hunting deer in the area northwest of Vann’s Ferry (present-day Lumpkin County, Georgia) in 1828 when he discovered a very pure vane of gold. By 1832, 10,000 people had rushed into the boomtown then-called Auraria. This prompted the Georgia legislature to organize Lumpkin County in 1832 with Dahlonega as the county seat. The court house was built in 1836 and as soon as the Cherokee were displaced in 1838, the Federal government opened a branch mint in Dahlonega. The California gold rush (1849) drew away many of the miners and speculators. The mint closed at the start of the War Between the States and never reopened. The major mining company closed down in 1906.
About the same time as the formation of Lumpkin County, Cass (later Bartow after 1861), Cobb, Floyd, Forsyth, Gilmer, Murray, Paulding and Union were formed (1832).
Northwest Georgia
Almost as soon as Murray County was formed from Cherokee County (1832), it was subdivided to produce Walker County (1833). Walker gave rise to Dade (1837).
Part 27: The Jackson Presidency (1829-1837)
27.1 Highlights of Jacksonian Politics
The Presidential Election of 1824
Predictably, Andrew Jackson’s ego and popular appeal drew him into the 1824 presidential election. Here is where two features of the American electoral process came into play. First although Jackson won the popular vote, the president is not elected by the popular vote. The President is elected by a majority of the electors (the “Electoral College”) that are parceled out by state. None of the candidates won a majority of the electors. Thus, the House of Representatives were charged with selecting the President through political deal-making. It turned out that neither of the other leading candidates (John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts and Henry Clay of Kentucky) were interested in throwing their weight in with the from runner (Jackson). Thus, J.Q. Adams became the President and Henry Clay was appointed his secretary of state.

TO CONTINUE READING THE HISTORY POST, GO TO THE FULL DOCUMENT: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kzUO3DImTWtyUCY8_ij0uZfyzd676hy2ZjUyhlcWnIo/edit?hl=en_US
WHAT WE JUST STUDIED IS A GOOD SUMMARY OR BASIC TIMELINE OF CHEROKEE HISTORY THAT IS NOT SIMPLY FROM ORAL TRADITION, AND HOW WE EVOLVED AS A MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THIS HISTORY IS NOT TAUGHT IN SCHOOL. THERE ARE NATIVE WHITES, BLACK, AND INDIANS, BUT WE ARE ALL AMERICANS, HAVING BEEN BORN HERE. THE COMMONALITY OF THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE IS NOT LIMITED TO JUST THE NATIVE AMERICANS, WHO MODERNIZED, IN HOPES IT WOULD BE BETTER FOR OUR PEOPLE. I THINK IT WOULD BE SAID BEST TO SAY THAT WITH ALL OF THE MODERNIZATION OF CELL PHONES, COMPUTERS, AND MODERN TRANSPORTATION, THAT WE SHOULD NOT NEGLECT THIS HISTORY IN GEORGIA EDUCATION, AS IT IS PRIMARILY VOICED FROM THE EUROPEAN POSITION, NOR SHOULD WE ONLY HAVE GEORGIA HISTORY, AS TAUGHT ONLY BY A BLACK VOICE.

WITH THAT SAID, WHEN OUR EDUCATION SYSTEM FAILS TO TEACH US THE HARMONY OF EXPERIENCE BY EXCLUDING THE ORIGINAL NATIVE RACE, IT IS EASY TO SEE THE WHITE AND BLACK AGENDA IN THE SCHOOL SYSTEM, AS AN INDOCTRINATION OF VIEW OR POLITICAL PERCEPTION RATHER THAN COMPLETION OF STUDY. THIS PERHAPS IS THE BIGGEST TRAVESTY TO MODERN EDUCATION, AND INCENTIVE PROGRAMS FOR LEARNING HAVE DERAILED MODERN EDUCATION INTO CONTESTS OF CHEATING AND CHAOS.

OUR EDUCATORS HAVE DONE MUCH IN RECENT MONTHS TO REPAIR THIS DAMAGE, BUT THE CULTURE HAS CHANGED IN EDUCATION, WITH AN INSISTENCE OF STREET PHILOSOPHY AND SURVIVAL BY ECONOMIC MEANS, RATHER THAN ENRICHMENT OF THE MIND AND KEEPING PEACE WITH THOSE IMMEDIATELY AROUND ONESELF. THIS SHOULD NEVER BE: IN CHEROKEE SOCIETY, YOU WOULD NEVER HAVE THE PRIVILEGE TO TEACH AGAIN. IN CHEROKEE SOCIETY, YOUR INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS DO NOT OUTWEIGH THE TOTAL UNITY, CONFORMITY, AND STRUCTURE OF THE TRIBE, OR YOU ARE PUT OUT OF THE TRIBE TO SURVIVE ON YOUR OWN.

THAT BASIC TENET OF SOCIETY IS SOMETHING WE SEEM TO FORGET, SOMETHING OCCUPY WHATEVER STREET HAS TRIED TO REMIND US OF, BUT THE MESSAGE GETS LOST IN THE WAY IN WHICH THEY LIVE DAILY.
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@SenatorSanders @Bittman @IntervaleCenter brilliant idea: want to preach revenue??? Contact GA Gov. Nathan Deal to hire #OWS to pick fruit.


AS WE MOVE FORWARD TO REPAIRING OUR ECONOMY, ATLANTA MAYOR KASIM REED SEEMED TO BE RACIST AGAINST HIS OWN KIND BY PUTTING UP A BILLBOARD WITH A BLACK PERSON ON IT THAT SAID “HAVE YOU HIRED ON YET?” OBAMA HAS ONLY PROMISED JOBS TO 100,000 VETERANS WHEN WE HAVE .5 MILLION SERVICE PEOPLE RETURNING NEXT OCTOBER. WITH THAT SAID, WE ARE ADDING TO THE UNEMPLOYMENT ROLL NEXT YEAR, AT AN UNGODLY RATE. WE HAVE ONLY SEEN TEMPORAL HIRING FOR BLACK FRIDAY AND HOLIDAY INITIATIVES, SO INSTEAD OF RENTING A BILLBOARD, THE GA TEA PARTY WILL BEGIN WORKING IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE GOVERNOR’S OFFICE TO ASSIST PEOPLE WITH THEIR JOB SEARCHING.


WE WILL BE POSTING RELEVANT JOBS, WITH RELEVANT AGENCIES, AIMED AT GETTING EXPERIENCED WORKERS IN A NEW CAREER, GETTING THEM NEW TRAINING, OR FILLING POSITIONS AS SOON AS THEY CAN BE FILLED. I SEE THAT WE HAVE TO MANY CHIEFS AND NOT ENOUGH INDIANS:

PLENTY OF POLITICIANS PREACHING ABOUT REVENUE AND GETTING MIRED IN PETTY POLITICS, RATHER THAN FOCUSING ON THE JOB THAT WE HIRED THEM TO DO IN REPRESENTING US... THIS GOES FOR LOCAL AS WELL AS NATIONAL LEADERS:

1)WRITING AND MAINTAINING SOUND ACCOUNTABLE BUDGETS
2) ADHERING TO GOOD BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN ACCORDANCE TO INTEGRITY OF DUTY AND FINANCE
3) ENGAGING THE PUBLIC WHOM THEY SERVE

IF YOUR LEADERSHIP HAS BROKEN THESE RULES, YOU FIRE THEM.
YOU ALSO HOLD THEM ACCOUNTABLE TO LAW, SO THAT YOU ARE NOT DISRUPTED OR INTERRUPTED FROM YOUR DAILY LIFE OR INCONVENIENCED BY THEIR BAD LEADERSHIP, AND YOU FIND SOMEONE TO REPLACE THEM.

BY THE TIME YOU DO THIS, YOU WILL HAVE AN APPRECIATION FOR THE LEADERS’ JOBS, AND YOU WILL REALIZE NOT TO MAKE AN ERROR OF JUDGEMENT FOR VOTING THE WRONG PERSON INTO OFFICE, BECAUSE YOU WILL END UP DOING THEIR WORK.

OBAMA IS THE MOST GLARING EXAMPLE OF THIS. NOW THAT HIS PRESIDENCY HAS FAILED, RIFE WITH FRAUD AND LIES ABOUT ANY CITIZENSHIP TO BEGIN, WHAT SHOULD YOU HAVE EXPECTED....
THE MESSIAH?!

OBAMA ELOQUENTLY PLAYED ON VOTER’S EMOTIONS, WHO ABANDONED THE RESTRAINTS AND DISCIPLINE THAT WOULD HAVE KEPT THEM ON A PATH OF SURE FOOTING AND SUCCESS OVER TIME. AT FIRST, OBAMA’S WORDS WERE MUSIC TO PEOPLES’ EARS, WHO FELT OPPRESSED BY A BUSH DYNASTY OF PRESIDENTS OF CONSERVATIVE LEADERSHIP, FOR THE BETTER PART OF 30YRS., MINUS THE CLINTON ERA.

I AM NOT COMPELLED TO SUPPORT MRS. CLINTON AS THE GRANDE MADRE, AND I THOUGHT THAT SHE WAS GOING INTO BANKING AND LEAVING POLITICS, NOW THAT SHE TOO, HAD BEEN BOUGHT OUT OF POLITICS BY HER FAT CAT BANKER BUDDY FRIENDS. SHE IS NOT A SERIOUS ALTERNATIVE FOR OUR NATION. MAYBE A VIABLE NOMINEE FOR THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY, BUT THEY DON’T HAVE MUCH TO WORK WITH FROM THE RANKS OF PELOSI AND DEBBIE WASSERMAN-SCHULTZ IN COURTING THE FEMALE VOTE.

BECAUSE OBAMA HAS NO CONCEPT OF BASIC MATH, IN THAT WHEN YOU ONLY TAKE IN $2.5 TRILLION IN REVENUE ANNUALLY THAT YOU CAN’T BORROW MORE THAN THAN WITH AN INTEREST RATE AT $1.7 TRILLION EVERY 5-4 MONTHS, OR YOU CAUSE A GOVERNMENT SHUTDOWN OR COLLAPSE.

NOW THAT CONGRESS HAS FAILED TO IMPEACH OBAMA AS OF YET IN WAITING FOR THE OUTCOME OF SOLYNDRA, HOLDER, AND THE REZKO SENTENCING, IN WHICH OBAMA’S CORRUPT FUNDRAISER JUST GOT 10YRS. IN PRISON, THE TEA PARTY HAS RAISED $3.5 MILLION TO USE TOWARDS ELECTIONS, AND OUR GOAL IS TO TAKE THAT MONEY AND PUT IT WHERE OUR MOUTH IS:
  • WHILE THINGS ARE NOT HAPPENING AS FAST AS WE’D LIKE, WE WANT TO TURN THAT $3.5 MILLION INTO A MAGNIFIED $3.5 TRILLION IN CUTS.
  • WHEN THE TEA PARTY SPENDS MONEY, WE EXPECT AN EXPONENTIAL RETURN, NOT AN EXPONENTIAL LOSS, LIKE WHAT HAS HAPPENED WITH OBAMA.
  • WHILE WE SEE THIS AS USING THE MONEY TO OUST 211 DEMOCRATS, AND TO REPLACE THEM WITH CONSERVATIVE LEADERSHIP, WE INTEND TO DRIVE THE PACE, CANDIDATE SELECTION, AND DIRECTION OF GOVERNMENT FOR 2012.



MY ADVICE: GET WITH CONSERVATISM. IT DOESN’T MATTER IF YOU HAVE A -D OR AN -R BEHIND YOUR NAME, DUMP OBAMANOMICS, KEYNESIAN THEORY, AND GET WITH STRUCTURED LIFE PRINCIPLES AND ETHICAL LEADERSHIP. THIS IS THE ONLY WAY AS A PUBLIC SERVANT THAT YOU WILL SUCCEED OR NOT HAVE THE TEA PARTY BREATHING DOWN YOUR NECK.

MY ADVICE FOR DEMOCRATS: IT WILL TAKE A FRESH FACE, SOMEONE WHO IS A CONSERVATIVE DEMOCRAT TO REMAKE THE DEMOCRATS’ PARTY THE WAY IT WAS BEFORE, BUT IN A MODERN WAY: NOT THIS NEO-NAZI SUN POLITICAL ELITE B.S. OBAMA MADE IT, AS THE FALSE BLACK PROPHET OF HIS KENYAN HOMELAND: MASS FUNDING ABORTION FOR SACRIFICING, IN THINKING IT WILL BRING US WEALTH, WHEN THE WRATH OF GOD IS SURE TO COME.

FOR THE REST OF EDUCATED VOTERS, THIS WAS OVER BEFORE IT EVEN GOT STARTED. OBAMA IS A FAD, AND HE CAN NOT REMAIN IN OFFICE, EVEN NOW. THE LONGER HE LINGERS, LIKE A BAD FART, THE MORE HE STINKS.

WITH THAT SAID, I HAVE NO INTENTIONS OF SUPPORTING CURRENT DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP; THEY HAVE GUTTED THEIR OWN PARTY IN POLITICAL EXPEDIENCY, AND MADE THE TITLE DEMOCRAT ONE OF STUPIDCRAT AND KLEPTOCRAT.

I WANT TO FEATURE 2 BOOKS:

ONE CONTAINS THE BLUE PRINT OF HOW TO FIX OUR ECONOMY, BASED ON FOUR STEPS THAT REAGAN USED, AND THE OTHER IS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRESIDENTIAL POLICY THAT WILL WORK FOR 2012, TO PUT US BACK TO WORK IN BECOMING AND INDEPENDENT NATION AGAIN.

Book Description
Publication Date: June 14, 2011
Record-shattering government spending, taxes, deficits, and debt threaten a downward spiral in the American people's standard of living, ultimately stealing the American dream.
The welfare state is melting down. State and local governments are reeling under the burden of runaway public-employee pensions, dysfunctional education bureaucracies, and belligerent public-sector unions. In the past, the state governments have turned to the federal government to bail them out. But the federal government is broke.
In chilling detail, former Reagan administration adviser Peter Ferrara documents the looming collapse of the American social safety net and describes what will happen when the government goes bankrupt. He also introduces us to his vision for the way forward: a new concept that he calls "prosperity independence." Ferrara supports sweeping tax reform to maximize economic growth, and fundamental entitlement reform to replace our outdated redistribution-based welfare state with a modernized comprehensive social safety net.
Utilizing modern capital, labor, and insurance markets, these reforms will accomplish far more than our current entitlement programs could ever hope to do, at a fraction of the cost. In addition to balancing our national budget and cutting back on government power, control, taxation, and spending, America will finally win the War on Poverty.
Ferrara also shows how our nation can enjoy a new generation-long economic boom, once again leading the world in economic growth and abundance.

Book Description

Publication Date: November 15, 2010
Now, do not misunderstand me, America is great.

But we are fed up with being over-taxed and over-regulated. We are tired of being told how much salt to put on our food, what kind of cars we can drive, what kinds of guns we can own, what kind of prayers we are allowed to say and where we can say them, what we are allowed to do to elect political candidates, what kind of energy we can use, what doctor we can see. What kind of nation are we becoming? I fear it's the very kind the Colonists fought against.

But perhaps most of all, we are fed up because deep down we know how great America has always been, how many great things the people do in spite of their government, and how great the nation can be in the future if government will just get out of the way.

Our fight is clear. We must step up and retake the reins of our government from a Washington establishment that has abused our trust. We must empower states to fight for our beliefs, elect only leaders who are on our team, set out to remind our fellow Americans why liberty is guaranteed in the Constitution, and take concrete steps to take back our country. The American people have never sat idle when liberty's trumpet sounds the call to battle-and today that battle is for the soul of America.

Retailers, experts herald Black Friday this year as big success

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BY KAVITA KUMAR kkumar@post-dispatch.com 314-340-8017 | Posted: Saturday, November 26, 2011 12:15 am | No Comments Posted
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Macy's associate Olivia Smith helps customers with a special on $20 Rampage boots that were on sale at the West County Center on Black Friday, November 25, 2011. The retired TWA flight attendant was having her first experience working in retail. Photo by Robert Cohen, rcohen@post-dispatch.com

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By the time the sun rose Friday morning, exhausted shoppers were dozing, slumped over in chairs at area malls, surrounded by shopping bags.
It was one sign that the midnight Black Friday sales were a hit with many deal-hungry consumers who took retailers up on their promotions and literally shopped until they dropped.
By 8 a.m. Friday, marathon shoppers and sisters Tina Hamilton of Bridgeton and Lisa Gray of Overland had already been shopping for about 10 hours. They started at Walmart around 10 p.m., then went to a Target opening at midnight, followed by Kmart at 5 a.m. and then to West County Center.
You have to have a strategy, Hamilton said. And, apparently, a lot of endurance.
"Your body is so broken down after cooking all day and then you stood in line to get a TV that didn't go on sale until midnight," Gray said.
There were few signs of consumer backlash to the midnight openings other than some shoppers who showed up later Friday morning because they said they were unhappy that stores made employees work on the holiday.
Black Friday, considered the start of the holiday shopping season, is closely watched by economists because of the important role retail sales play in fueling the economy.
Last year, the Thanksgiving shopping weekend accounted for 12.1 percent of overall holiday sales, according to ShopperTrak, a research firm. Black Friday made up about half of that.
Greg Maloney, chief executive of retail for commercial real estate firm Jones Lang LaSalle, said he thinks this will end up being an even better Black Friday than originally anticipated. He saw more customers leaving the stores with bags in hand this year. The relatively good weather around the country helped, too, he said.
"It's a great start to the holidays," he said. "If I had to predict, I would say next year you'll see most if not all retailers opening up (Thanksgiving night) and staying open all night."
Sean Phillips, regional marketing director for CBL & Associates, which operates many shopping malls in the region, said the midnight openings seemed to be a big success for those mall-based stores with special doorbuster deals such as Macy's, Victoria's Secret, and Bath & Body Works.
"A lot of the stores I talked to this morning did think the midnight opening was going to help them meet or exceed their sales," he said Friday afternoon. "They felt it brought in a lot of new sales."
A record number of shoppers are expected this weekend. For three days starting on Black Friday, 152 million people are expected to shop, either online or in stores, an increase of about 10 percent from last year, according to the National Retail Federation.
The midnight sales seemed to draw more of a younger crowd — perhaps those who were more likely to sleep in on Black Friday and hit the sales later, he said. The next wave of shoppers — the more typical early morning Black Friday shoppers — then started arriving at the mall around 4 or 5 a.m., he said.
With part of the shopping rush shifted to midnight, some shoppers said they were surprised they didn't have to wait for a parking space or encounter long lines in some stores later Friday morning.
But opening at midnight did not come without some repercussions. Nine businesses in Chesterfield, including a Best Buy, were ticketed for violating a city ordinance that prohibits retail sales between the hours of midnight and 6 a.m., said Lt. Steven Lewis.
Police contacted those businesses before Black Friday to inform them of the law, but they chose to violate it anyway, he said. However, breaking the law appeared to make some economic sense.
The fine wouldn't exceed $100 — a paltry amount in light of the profits retailers stood to make.
"It's basically a traffic ticket," Lewis said.
Those stores that opened at a more traditional Black Friday hour didn't seem to be hurt by doing so.
The Cabela's store at St. Louis Mills had more than 1,600 people lined up for its 5 a.m. opening. That turnout doubled the store's previous record of Black Friday shoppers from last year, said Mike Adlesh, the store's manager.
He attributed part of the increase to the fact that they were handing out gift cards up to $100 for the first 800 customers. There were also steep discounts, including on camouflage jackets and rifles.
At the Kmart in south St. Louis County, about 1,000 people waited outside for the store to open at 5 a.m., said store manager Tom Hamm.
"It was spectacular," he said. "We had a line all the way around the building."
The layaway counter also did brisk business all day, he said. A number of retailers have brought back layaway this year to help cash-strapped consumers make holiday purchases. But some stores such as Toys R Us did not allow layaway purchases on Black Friday.
The abundance of deals led some shoppers to stray from their lists. Cindy Hensley of Oakland said she ended up getting carried away by deep discounts at Ann Taylor and Hollister.
"We spent a lot more then we were planning on," Cindy said. "You should see the car. It's packed."
The big chains weren't the only ones benefiting from the consumer attention on Black Friday.
The Alpine Shop in Kirkwood, which was giving $20 gift cards to the first 50 shoppers, was the first and only stop for Dennis Maddock, 37, of Ballwin, and his two daughters, Kaia, 10, and Mia, 11.
He likes shopping at independent stores because they draw smaller crowds and shoppers can get to know the staff by name, he said. So he didn't really care that other stores opened at midnight.
"Yeah, that doesn't affect me, because I don't go to those stores," he said. "If other people want to do that, that's fine as long as they don't bite each other's ears off."
There were no accounts of ear biting. The few national reports on bad behavior happened at Walmart, the world's largest retailer. There was a pepper-spraying incident at a Walmart in California when employees brought out a crate of discounted XBox video game consoles. An overzealous woman tried to get a leg up over the competition by spraying nearby shoppers. About 20 people suffered minor injuries. The woman got away in the confusion, and it was not immediately clear whether she got an Xbox.
Near Muskegon, Mich., a teenage girl was knocked down and stepped on several times after getting caught in the rush to a sale in the electronics department. She suffered minor injuries. Meanwhile, two women were injured and a man was charged after a fight broke out at an upstate New York Walmart, while a man was arrested in a scuffle at a jewelry counter at a Walmart in Kissimmee, Fla.
This was Mike Key's fifth year working on Black Friday. At 8 a.m. the Best Buy employee still had a smile on his face as he cheerfully greeted customers despite having worked since 10 p.m. Thursday.
When his 12-hour shift was over, shopping was not on his to-do list.
"I'm going to sleep, and waking up just in time to watch the Blues game," he said.
Staff writers Shane Anthony, Debra Bass, Cynthia Billhartz Gregorian, Georgina Gustin, Stephen Deere, Lisa Brown and Jim Doyle, and The Associated Press contributed to this report.
Copyright 2011 STLtoday.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


Read more: http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/retailers-experts-herald-black-friday-this-year-as-big-success/article_e52c4084-496b-5193-8378-7cf20343387a.html#ixzz1eo0IQ6qe

FINAL THOUGHTS:
Grandma4Liberty 4my♡g-kids

Obama Doesn‘t Mention ’God’ in Thanksgiving Message — Problem? theblaze.com/stories/obama-… via @theblaze
Retweeted by 2011teaparty

2011teaparty Tea Party Chief

@BarackObama Mass funding abortion is idolatry, whatever African/Kenyan god you're sacrificing to praying for wealth, you're not Christian.
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@BarackObama it's also fraud to lie to people who were never going to get health care but thrown into prison, for a program funding idolatry
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@BarackObama all debt is local; not public: therefore it's unconstitutional to use reconciliation on HR 4872, gross misappropriation
TheFlaCracker Fla Cracker
#ows #occupy doesn't believe in American Exceptionalism because, because.. well.. because they are losers #teaparty #tcot


2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@
@Twin66 #NIGGIFY = #OWS instead of making food and goods with each other during the day to get back on their feet-they harass shoppers today
ajcwsbtraffic ajcwsbtraffic
Busiest mall lots: Perimeter (80% lots, 55% deck), Lenox (80%), Town Center 80%, Mall of Georgia (80%). Full list: bit.ly/mWKs2u
Retweeted by 2011teaparty
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@exposeliberals Tea Party Chief is mad that Newt's laissez-faire immigration policy has cost GA- 2-3% revenue annually for 10yrs in services
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@
@exposeliberals the Tea Party Chief is mad Newt's laissez-faire immigration policy cost GA $20 million in lost immigration fees
GOOD GOOD
Instead of Black Friday or Buy Nothing Day, make something today! Six quick DIY ideas. su.pr/6I7Jmi
Retweeted by 2011teaparty
joeconstitution Joe Constitution
Iranian claims 2 arrest CIA agents linked 2 Revolutionary Guard efforts 2 hide missiles in event of Israeli strikejihadwatch.org/2011/11/report…
Retweeted by 2011teaparty
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@Tiffanybr having my own business, I work every day, it's called adulthood. I take a few hours or a day off is a luxury!
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@
@Common_Sense4U Tea Party Chief rebukes Cain: 27% flat tax, Value Added/National Sales tax of 9% on every item instead of 7% & no deductions
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
wsbradio WSB Radio
Busiest mall lots: Perimeter (80% lots, 55% deck), Lenox (80%), Town Center 80%, Mall of Georgia (80%). Full list: bit.ly/mWKs2u
Retweeted by 2011teaparty
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@counterparties and because Obama invested ALL OF YOUR TAX DOLLARS into Clear One, so he could make campaign $ in the stock market.
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@
@counterparties it is time AT&T and T-Mobile file a reverse discrimination lawsuit, saying Obama is protecting Clear One, as a black company
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@
@counterparties Obama: killing business so black Clear One employees can sit on their asses at Stonecrest mall and do no work.....
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@FreshPiffle Judgement Day was the Supreme Court date for Obama's lack of citizenship on 1-7-11. It was postponed because of the shooting.
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@FreshPiffle That's like saying I am to blame for Loughner for using the title "Judgement Day" on the newsletter that Friday beforehand.
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@FreshPiffle The will of the people against Obummercare/HR 4872....
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@FreshPiffle The reason Giffords vote means little is that it does not trump the will of the people, whom she serves.
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@FreshPiffle The reason Giffords vote meant little is because HR4872 is mass funding for abortion, for Obama's idol worship, not health care
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@FreshPiffle The reason Giffords vote meant little is because HR 4872 was a corrupt financing mechanism for Thomson Prison not health care.
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@FreshPiffle The point is, we intended to kill Obama at the polls by votes, not by violence, and Giffords vote meant little for HR 4872.
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@FreshPiffle a metaphor for voting, and not shooting. You can sight something without firing a shot, it is setting your sight on it.
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@
@FreshPiffle Sarah Palin owes no one an apology: no one contacted or commissioned Loughner to hurt anyone, targets were sights for voting.


2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
When Pakistan just officially announced they are banning interception of texts with JESUS in them, we as Christians are doing our jobs !!!
»
2011teaparty Tea Party Chief

Hey Pakistan: JESUS JESUS JESUS JESUS JESUS JESUS JESUS JESUS JESUS JESUS~ JE-SUS! JESUS JESUS! JESUS JESUS JESUS JESUS.... JESUS JESUS !!!!


2011teaparty Tea Party Chief
@DWSTweets pssst..... Debbie-the Tea Party doesn't embrace Newt on immigration, but we don't embrace you at all. You're still a lying bitch.


ONE LAST THING: DISABLE YOUR NOTIFICATIONS ON FACEBOOK, CREATE FOLDERS FOR REPETITIVE EMAIL AND MANAGE YOUR EMAIL, OR YOU WILL WASTE TIME. PLEASE, DO NOT SEND ME B.S. MESSAGES ABOUT HALAL TURKEY....

Aja Brooks
Want for me to go off on you?? STAND IN LINE...
Like ·  · Share · 22 hours ago

Jill Taylor likes this.
Aja Brooks The reason that I do not support drug testing is because those tests can be easily faked and the expense it costs to administer those tests and to do it randomly is as expensive as dispensing the food stamps. BOTTOM LINE: you report the bastards for fraud if they are selling the food stamps for cash, using them to pay rent, or if they aren't feeding their kids. FOOD STAMPS ARE NOT CURRENCY; they are taxpayers' money. Hey Karen Thompson, this AMERICA, so if I use CAPS LOCK, it is called freedom of speech. It is in that thing called the Constitution, you should read it more often. Being a citizen comes with the responsibility of responsible use of tax dollars, and when you do not report people, you become complicit to the problem, and you are just as equally bad with judgmental hypocrisy. People who use drugs have a dopamine deficiency; some can work out, eat right, and take supplements/drink tea, others are so bad off, like a diabetic who must have insulin, they take drugs or alcohol. We did entitlement reform in Georgia, and unlike Karen Thompson, people do take me seriously: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SVZ_6BpS3i6BWtkeY58wYhknothG6S7Ba9EjwLS2pYQ/edit?hl=en_US
22 hours ago · Like
David Colwell The concept, or the threat of, drug testing should be a great tool. Those who want to spend what they have on dope can, but they can't then turn to the taxpayer to buy their food. I don't care who is high as long as they don't drive around like that. I don't want to help pay for it, though.
21 hours ago · Like
Aja Brooks I wish it was, but with so many ways people can avoid them, fake them, or never get tested, it is ineffective. Reporting them for fraud is very effective and costs us nothing but our money that's being wasted.
20 hours ago · Like
Aja Brooks Entitlement reform in general, is much more effective, the drug testing is just a game: we can't get back the money once it has been wasted.
20 hours ago · Like
Ashford Schwall I know not to mess with a red head
19 hours ago · Like
Aja Brooks lol I am Cherokee and Scot-Irish: Obama's worst nightmare!!
13 hours ago · Like
Aja Brooks
HEY GROUP 'POLITICAL FRIENDS': IF YOU CENSOR FREE SPEECH BECAUSE YOU DON'T LIKE CAPS LOCKS, BECAUSE YOU LACK A SENSE OF HUMOR AND THINK YOU CAN CORRECT ME FOR USING THE PHRASE "I DON'T GIVE A SHIT" GUESS WHAT? I DON'T GIVE A FUCK ABOUT BEING IN YOUR GROUP, AND YOU ARE THE BITCH. HOW IS THAT FOR FREE SPEECH?
Unlike ·  · Share · 23 hours ago

Aja Brooks OH AND YOUR STUPID POST ON HALAL TURKEY: WHO GIVES A FLYING FUCK ABOUT THAT, WHEN HALAL NEVER HAD ANYTHING TO DO WITH THANKSGIVING??? YOU ARE DISCRIMINATING AGAINST PEOPLE AND TRYING TO RUIN A HOLIDAY THAT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH THE BULL SHIT YOU SPEW IN YOUR GROUP. There, that was what I really wanted to say, and I said in all caps just so you could see it publicly.
22 hours ago · Like ·  2
While you're at it, you should delete all my documents as well.
22 hours ago · Like
TBone Taylor what group did this?
22 hours ago · Like
Aja Brooks the group there http://www.facebook.com/groups/127205107333077 the chick's name is D'elorangio something or other, and she posted about Halal Turkey, and kept on with it. I told her that has nothing to do with Thanksgiving whatsoever.... apparently she didn't get that other people would be offended by even discussing Halal in regards to it, so I said: "If I have a moon tattoo on my leg, does that mean that I'm offering my leg to the moon god? Oh c'mon people...." etc. So she kept on, and I told her that I didn't give a shit. Thanksgiving had nothing to do with it. I had used CAPS LOCK on one thing, to distinguish something I said, and this stupid bitch says I'm yelling at her: so I apologize!! I'm like: "In no way was I trying to be a bitch towards you, when I use CAPS LOCK, it is because I'm being cheerful about what I'm saying..." anyways, this morning, the group is gone, to which she had access to my documents, and though she wasn't the Admin., she had me kicked out of the group, even though I apologized and told her I wasn't trying to be a bitch to her, I just didn't want to hear the shit anymore. It was THANKSGIVING for Christ's sake, and she just wants to go on about how people want to hear about her stupid fucking Halal post. I told her: if they don't like it, they can Halal themselves out of our country. She's not Muslim, I don't think, but I told her, I respect someone's desire to want Halal or Kosher, but it is up to the recipient to pray over their food.... she was stuck on the food being dedicated to Allah, as the certified Halal, and Honeysuckle White politely told her: "No.... it is not 100% Halal." Anyways, she is just one of the many people who discriminate against others tongue in cheek, and I called her out on it. I said, you want to be racial about something, then be racial! Don't do it hiding your intentions, I'm Native American/tired of hearing about this post, because it doesn't mean shit to me with this being a Native American Tradition. I am Cherokee, and I don't want to hear that shit. So she goes off on some other post saying people should watch their language: I'm going to tell her RIGHT NOW --- "Hey bitch, because you are one, I should have called you that to begin with obviously, and I don't have to watch my language.... YOU NEED TO WATCH WHAT THE FUCK YOU SAY, AND WHO YOU SAY IT TO !!!!! There, I now said it and feel better now.
22 hours ago · Like
David Colwell Try not to hold back how you really feel. :)
21 hours ago · Like
Mark Saint-John Dang David thats what I wanted to say...
20 hours ago · Like
Aja Brooks lol thanks I won't
20 hours ago · Like

Melanie Frazier

7 hours ago
Melanie Frazier
Oh the irony of you making a post about free speech when you defriend people for making post that you don't agree with.


What a joke. You make me lol
18 seconds ago
I defriend people because they are annoying, not because I don't agree with them. They can't agree to disagree, and I don't have time for it. This isn't a debate page: if you want to comment or share your opinion, fine. I'm sorry I deleted your girlfriend, I believe it was.... you are gay, correct? I don't come to either of your pages and harass you for being gay or tell you to be heterosexual, or tell you how to live, so why the fuck are you coming to my page? I have people that do as you say, who don't defend free speech, and I'm not going to send you private messages that are unwarranted to evoke provocation. Why provoke me then? I would run you into the ground.
You can no longer message Melanie Frazier. Learn more.
Aja Brooks

Okay it's real simple folks: think you will piss on me, my country, my religion, or my rights, and I will throw a cup of piss on you in the cyber realm. It is that simple. Being a Christian is more than sitting on pew, never cussing, and never taking a stand for what you believe: in fact, Jesus is very clear about those people.... but we did this and that in Your Name Lord... He says "Depart from me, I never knew you." This is for all you hypocrites: Political Friends, Karen Thompson, depart from Facebook, my posts, and my page, I don't know you and Christ doesn't either.
Like ·  · Share · 22 hours ago
Aja Brooks If you subscribe to that philosophy, then you are just what we call: whitewashed tombs, those who worship legalism and religion rather than God, whose lips draw near Him, whose hearts are far from Him !!!!
22 hours ago · Like

FOR A FULL ARCHIVE AND POST, GO HERE:

11-26-2011 EDITION: NOMINEES GET THEIR REPORT CARD, WHO’S THIS YEAR’S TURKEY, NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE MONTH REACHES THE CLIMAX, HOW GEORGIA CELEBRATES BLACK FRIDAY....

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kzUO3DImTWtyUCY8_ij0uZfyzd676hy2ZjUyhlcWnIo/edit?hl=en_US
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